Spontaneous fMRI activity during resting wakefulness and sleep.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies performed during both waking rest and sleep show that the brain is continually active in distinct patterns that appear to reflect its underlying functional connectivity. In this review, potential sources that contribute to spontaneous fMRI activity will be discussed.

[1]  A. Grinvald,et al.  Interaction of sensory responses with spontaneous depolarization in layer 2/3 barrel cortex , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  D. Schacter,et al.  Correlated low-frequency BOLD fluctuations in the resting human brain are modulated by recent experience in category-preferential visual regions. , 2010, Cerebral cortex.

[3]  A. Braun,et al.  Decoupling of the brain's default mode network during deep sleep , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[4]  Keith A. Johnson,et al.  Cortical Hubs Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity: Mapping, Assessment of Stability, and Relation to Alzheimer's Disease , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[5]  N. Logothetis.  The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. , 2002, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[6]  M. Raichle,et al.  Cortical network functional connectivity in the descent to sleep , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[7]  S Laureys,et al.  Intrinsic Brain Activity in Altered States of Consciousness , 2008, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[8]  M. Fukunaga,et al.  Sources of functional magnetic resonance imaging signal fluctuations in the human brain at rest: a 7 T study. , 2009, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[9]  J. Bolam,et al.  Cholinergic modulation of midbrain dopaminergic systems , 2008, Brain Research Reviews.

[10]  Jeff H. Duyn,et al.  Low-frequency fluctuations in the cardiac rate as a source of variance in the resting-state fMRI BOLD signal , 2007, NeuroImage.

[11]  Maurizio Corbetta,et al.  The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  P. Skudlarski,et al.  Detection of functional connectivity using temporal correlations in MR images , 2002, Human brain mapping.

[13]  Biyu J. He,et al.  Electrophysiological correlates of the brain's intrinsic large-scale functional architecture , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[14]  Mark S. Cohen,et al.  Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm , 2002, Neuroreport.

[15]  E. Golanov,et al.  Spontaneous waves of cerebral blood flow associated with a pattern of electrocortical activity. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[16]  Bharat Biswal,et al.  Slow vasomotor fluctuation in fMRI of anesthetized child brain , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[17]  Edwin M. Robertson,et al.  The Resting Human Brain and Motor Learning , 2009, Current Biology.

[18]  A. Grinvald,et al.  Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture. , 1999, Science.

[19]  A. Grinvald,et al.  Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes , 2003, Nature.

[20]  Hellmuth Obrig,et al.  Correlates of alpha rhythm in functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy , 2003, NeuroImage.

[21]  J. Csicsvari,et al.  Communication between neocortex and hippocampus during sleep in rodents , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  B. Sakmann,et al.  Phase-locking of hippocampal interneurons' membrane potential to neocortical up-down states , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[23]  A Grinvald,et al.  Coherent spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing activity revealed by real-time optical imaging coupled with single-unit recording in the cat visual cortex. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[24]  G. Tononi,et al.  Local sleep and learning , 2004, Nature.

[25]  Zhi-jun Zhang,et al.  Resting brain connectivity: changes during the progress of Alzheimer disease. , 2010, Radiology.

[26]  Lawrence L. Wald,et al.  Comparison of physiological noise at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T and optimization of fMRI acquisition parameters , 2005, NeuroImage.

[27]  E. Bullmore,et al.  Neurophysiological architecture of functional magnetic resonance images of human brain. , 2005, Cerebral cortex.

[28]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Learning sculpts the spontaneous activity of the resting human brain , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Clara A. Scholl,et al.  Synchronized delta oscillations correlate with the resting-state functional MRI signal , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[30]  Dietmar Cordes,et al.  Role of the corpus callosum in functional connectivity. , 2003, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[31]  Jeff H. Duyn,et al.  Modulation of spontaneous fMRI activity in human visual cortex by behavioral state , 2009, NeuroImage.

[32]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Temporal dynamics of spontaneous MEG activity in brain networks , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  Renxin Chu,et al.  Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 51:22–26 (2004) Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Parallel Imaging Performance of a 16-Channel Receive-Only Brain Coil Array at , 2022 .

[34]  D. Tank,et al.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  Andreas Kleinschmidt,et al.  EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity , 2003, NeuroImage.

[36]  Justin L. Vincent,et al.  Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain , 2007, Nature.

[37]  D. Leopold,et al.  Neuronal correlates of spontaneous fluctuations in fMRI signals in monkey visual cortex: Implications for functional connectivity at rest , 2008, Human brain mapping.

[38]  G. Crelier,et al.  Linear coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in activated human cortex. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  D. McVea,et al.  Mirrored Bilateral Slow-Wave Cortical Activity within Local Circuits Revealed by Fast Bihemispheric Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging in Anesthetized and Awake Mice , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  Peter A. Bandettini,et al.  Separating respiratory-variation-related fluctuations from neuronal-activity-related fluctuations in fMRI , 2006, NeuroImage.

[41]  Masaki Fukunaga,et al.  Metabolic Origin of Bold Signal Fluctuations in the Absence of Stimuli , 2008, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[42]  G H Glover,et al.  Image‐based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[43]  Manuel Schabus,et al.  Hemodynamic cerebral correlates of sleep spindles during human non-rapid eye movement sleep , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[44]  J. Born,et al.  The influence of learning on sleep slow oscillations and associated spindles and ripples in humans and rats , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[45]  Y Yonekura,et al.  Neural networks for generation and suppression of alpha rhythm: a PET study , 1998, Neuroreport.

[46]  Fernando Henrique Lopes da Silva,et al.  Interactions between different EEG frequency bands and their effect on alpha–fMRI correlations , 2009, NeuroImage.

[47]  J. Duyn,et al.  Investigation of Low Frequency Drift in fMRI Signal , 1999, NeuroImage.

[48]  M. Corbetta,et al.  Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[49]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience the Temporal Structure of Ongoing Brain Activity , 2022 .

[50]  A. Grinvald,et al.  The Cortical Representation of the Hand in Macaque and Human Area S-I: High Resolution Optical Imaging , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[51]  Yehezkel Yeshurun,et al.  Widespread functional connectivity and fMRI fluctuations in human visual cortex in the absence of visual stimulation , 2006, NeuroImage.

[52]  P. Fransson.  Spontaneous low‐frequency BOLD signal fluctuations: An fMRI investigation of the resting‐state default mode of brain function hypothesis , 2005, Human brain mapping.

[53]  M. Fukunaga,et al.  Low frequency BOLD fluctuations during resting wakefulness and light sleep: A simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study , 2008, Human brain mapping.

[54]  S. Rombouts,et al.  Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[55]  M. Boly,et al.  Functional connectivity in the default network during resting state is preserved in a vegetative but not in a brain dead patient , 2009, Human brain mapping.

[56]  Sean L. Hill,et al.  The Sleep Slow Oscillation as a Traveling Wave , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[57]  Roel H. R. Deckers,et al.  Large-amplitude, spatially correlated fluctuations in BOLD fMRI signals during extended rest and early sleep stages. , 2006, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[58]  Dimitri Van De Ville,et al.  BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics , 2010, NeuroImage.

[59]  E. Robertson,et al.  Functional Imaging: Is the Resting Brain Resting? , 2006, Current Biology.

[60]  Efstathios D. Gennatas,et al.  Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. , 2010, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[61]  M. Fukunaga,et al.  Negative BOLD-fMRI Signals in Large Cerebral Veins , 2011, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[62]  O Sporns,et al.  Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  V. Raos,et al.  Crosstalk between the two sides of the thalamus through the reticular nucleus: A retrograde and anterograde tracing study in the rat , 1993, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[64]  B. Biswal,et al.  Simultaneous assessment of flow and BOLD signals in resting‐state functional connectivity maps , 1997, NMR in biomedicine.

[65]  Fenna M. Krienen,et al.  Segregated Fronto-Cerebellar Circuits Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity , 2009, Cerebral cortex.

[66]  M Steriade,et al.  Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (< 1 Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[67]  Jeff H. Duyn,et al.  Large-scale spontaneous fluctuations and correlations in brain electrical activity observed with magnetoencephalography , 2010, NeuroImage.

[68]  Helmut Laufs,et al.  Where the BOLD signal goes when alpha EEG leaves , 2006, NeuroImage.

[69]  Sean M Montgomery,et al.  Integration and Segregation of Activity in Entorhinal-Hippocampal Subregions by Neocortical Slow Oscillations , 2006, Neuron.

[70]  Marcus E Raichle,et al.  A Paradigm Shift in Functional Brain Imaging , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[71]  Manuel Schabus,et al.  Spontaneous neural activity during human slow wave sleep , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[72]  T. L. Davis,et al.  Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[73]  M. Buchsbaum,et al.  Positron Emission Tomography with Deoxyglucose-F18 Imaging of Sleep , 2001, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[74]  D. Attwell,et al.  The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals , 2002, Trends in Neurosciences.

[75]  M. Paluš,et al.  Interactions between cardiac, respiratory and EEG‐δ oscillations in rats during anaesthesia , 2007 .

[76]  A. Braun,et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study. , 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[77]  Justin L. Vincent,et al.  Intrinsic Fluctuations within Cortical Systems Account for Intertrial Variability in Human Behavior , 2007, Neuron.

[78]  Stephen M Smith,et al.  Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[79]  S. Petersen,et al.  Memory's echo: vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[80]  Pierre Maquet,et al.  Cerebral glucose utilization during sleep-wake cycle in man determined by positron emission tomography and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose method , 1990, Brain Research.

[81]  P. Sebel,et al.  Functional connectivity changes with concentration of sevoflurane anesthesia , 2005, Neuroreport.

[82]  Stephen M. Smith,et al.  Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[83]  G. Tononi,et al.  Source modeling sleep slow waves , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[84]  R. Todd Constable,et al.  Functional connectivity and alterations in baseline brain state in humans , 2010, NeuroImage.

[85]  A. Kleinschmidt,et al.  Electroencephalographic signatures of attentional and cognitive default modes in spontaneous brain activity fluctuations at rest , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[86]  B. Biswal,et al.  Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri , 1995, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[87]  Catie Chang,et al.  Relationship between respiration, end-tidal CO2, and BOLD signals in resting-state fMRI , 2009, NeuroImage.

[88]  G. Tononi,et al.  Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis , 2003, Brain Research Bulletin.

[89]  Nancy Kanwisher,et al.  Neural events and perceptual awareness , 2001, Cognition.

[90]  Peter van Gelderen,et al.  Reducing correlated noise in fMRI data , 2008, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[91]  M. Wilson,et al.  Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[92]  A. Braun,et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep- wake cycle , 1997 .

[93]  J. Born,et al.  Learning increases human electroencephalographic coherence during subsequent slow sleep oscillations. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[94]  M. Schölvinck,et al.  Neural basis of global resting-state fMRI activity , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[95]  Biyu J. He,et al.  Loss of Resting Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity after Complete Section of the Corpus Callosum , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[96]  David J. Foster,et al.  Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state , 2006, Nature.

[97]  R. Haier,et al.  Functional brain imaging during anesthesia in humans: effects of halothane on global and regional cerebral glucose metabolism. , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[98]  M A B BRAZIER,et al.  The electrical fields at the surface of the head during sleep. , 1949, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[99]  G. Buzsáki,et al.  Forward and reverse hippocampal place-cell sequences during ripples , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[100]  Tracy Warbrick,et al.  Spontaneous brain activity and EEG microstates. A novel EEG/fMRI analysis approach to explore resting-state networks , 2010, NeuroImage.

[101]  Christophe Phillips,et al.  Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non-REM sleep revisited , 2005, NeuroImage.

[102]  G. Buzsáki,et al.  Sequential structure of neocortical spontaneous activity in vivo , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[103]  J. Binder,et al.  A Parametric Manipulation of Factors Affecting Task-induced Deactivation in Functional Neuroimaging , 2003, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[104]  B. Biswal,et al.  High‐resolution fMRI using multislice partial k‐space GR‐EPI with cubic voxels , 2001, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[105]  J. Bolam,et al.  Cholinergic brainstem neurons modulate cortical gamma activity during slow oscillations , 2008, The Journal of physiology.

[106]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  The role of area 17 in visual imagery: convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. , 1999, Science.

[107]  Wei Chen,et al.  Neural origin of spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations in rats under burst-suppression anesthesia condition. , 2011, Cerebral cortex.