Peak load shifting control using different cold thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings: A review

For decades, load shifting control, one of most effective peak demand management methods, has attracted increasing attentions from both researchers and engineers. Different load shifting control strategies have been developed when diverse cold thermal energy storage facilities are used in commercial buildings. The facilities include building thermal mass (BTM), thermal energy storage system (TES) and phase change material (PCM). Little study has systematically reviewed these load shifting control strategies and therefore this study presents a comprehensive review of peak load shifting control strategies using these thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings. The research and applications of the load shifting control strategies are presented and discussed. The further efforts needed for developing more applicable load shifting control strategies using the facilities are also addressed.

[1]  Xin Wang,et al.  Numerical analysis of effect of shape-stabilized phase change material plates in a building combined with night ventilation , 2009 .

[2]  Chen Xu,et al.  Tank size and operating strategy optimization of a stratified chilled water storage system , 2011 .

[3]  Lv Shilei,et al.  Impact of phase change wall room on indoor thermal environment in winter , 2006 .

[4]  Simeng Liu,et al.  Experimental Analysis of Model-Based Predictive Optimal Control for Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory , 2005 .

[5]  H. Inaba,et al.  Evaluation of thermophysical characteristics on shape-stabilized paraffin as a solid-liquid phase change material , 1997 .

[6]  Peter Schossig,et al.  Micro-encapsulated phase-change materials integrated into construction materials , 2005 .

[7]  John Reynolds,et al.  Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings , 1971 .

[8]  Kyoung-ho Lee,et al.  An experimental evaluation of demand limiting using building thermal mass in a small commercial building , 2006 .

[9]  J. Braun,et al.  Load Control Using Building Thermal Mass , 2003 .

[10]  M. Piette,et al.  Peak Demand Reduction from Pre-Cooling with Zone Temperature Reset in an Office Building , 2004 .

[11]  K. Nagano,et al.  Development of a ventilation system utilizing thermal energy storage for granules containing phase change material , 2004 .

[12]  Riccardo Poli,et al.  Particle swarm optimization , 1995, Swarm Intelligence.

[13]  James E. Braun,et al.  Application of building precooling to reduce peak cooling requirements , 1997 .

[14]  Yat Huang Yau,et al.  A review on cool thermal storage technologies and operating strategies , 2012 .

[15]  F. Bruno,et al.  Review on storage materials and thermal performance enhancement techniques for high temperature phase change thermal storage systems , 2012 .

[16]  Goran Krajačić,et al.  The role of cool thermal energy storage (CTES) in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and peak load reduction , 2012 .

[17]  Kirk H. Drees,et al.  Development and Evaluation of a Rule-Based Control Strategy for Ice Storage Systems , 1996 .

[18]  L. Blasques,et al.  Metering systems and demand-side management models applied to hybrid renewable energy systems in micro-grid configuration , 2012 .

[19]  James Kennedy,et al.  Particle swarm optimization , 2002, Proceedings of ICNN'95 - International Conference on Neural Networks.

[20]  D. Feldman,et al.  Full scale thermal testing of latent heat storage in wallboard , 1996 .

[21]  Francis Agyenim,et al.  A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS) , 2010 .

[22]  Sau Man Lai,et al.  Integration of trigeneration system and thermal storage under demand uncertainties , 2010 .

[23]  Shengwei Wang,et al.  A demand limiting strategy for maximizing monthly cost savings of commercial buildings , 2010 .

[24]  Wen-Shing Lee,et al.  Optimization for ice-storage air-conditioning system using particle swarm algorithm , 2009 .

[25]  James E. Braun,et al.  Evaluation of methods for determining demand-limiting setpoint trajectories in buildings using short-term measurements , 2008 .

[26]  Hongfa Di,et al.  Application of latent heat thermal energy storage in buildings: State-of-the-art and outlook , 2007 .

[27]  Min Xiao,et al.  Thermal performance of a high conductive shape-stabilized thermal storage material , 2001 .

[28]  Zhenjun Ma,et al.  Supervisory and Optimal Control of Building HVAC Systems: A Review , 2008 .

[29]  Na Zhu,et al.  Energy performance and optimal control of air-conditioned buildings with envelopes enhanced by phase change materials , 2011 .

[30]  Tadahiko Ibamoto,et al.  Research on thermal storage using rock wool phase-change material ceiling board , 2006 .

[31]  Sašo Medved,et al.  Correlation between the local climate and the free-cooling potential of latent heat storage , 2008 .

[32]  Pramod B. Salunkhe,et al.  A review on effect of phase change material encapsulation on the thermal performance of a system , 2012 .

[33]  K Darkwa,et al.  Dynamics of energy storage in phase change drywall systems , 2005 .

[34]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications , 2012 .

[35]  Kelly Kissock,et al.  Diurnal load reduction through phase-change building components , 2006 .

[36]  H. E. Feustel,et al.  Phase-change wallboard and mechanical night ventilation in commercial buildings: Potential for HVAC system downsizing , 1998 .

[37]  Gregor P. Henze,et al.  Impact of Forecasting Accuracy on Predictive Optimal Control of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory , 2003 .

[38]  J. M. Crane,et al.  Ice storage system for a department store , 1994 .

[39]  B. A. Habeebullah,et al.  Economic feasibility of thermal energy storage systems , 2007 .

[40]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  A Simulation Environment for the Analysis of Ice Storage Controls , 1997 .

[41]  Liwu Fan,et al.  Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review , 2011 .

[42]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: A review , 2011 .

[43]  Yue Shi,et al.  A modified particle swarm optimizer , 1998, 1998 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation Proceedings. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (Cat. No.98TH8360).

[44]  Gregor P. Henze,et al.  Evaluation of optimal control for active and passive building thermal storage , 2004 .

[45]  Robert F. Boehm,et al.  Measurements and simulations for peak electrical load reduction in cooling dominated climate , 2012 .

[46]  Zhu Neng,et al.  Experimental study and evaluation of latent heat storage in phase change materials wallboards , 2007 .

[47]  Frédéric Magoulès,et al.  A review on the prediction of building energy consumption , 2012 .

[48]  J. Braun,et al.  Model-based demand-limiting control of building thermal mass , 2008 .

[49]  L. Cabeza,et al.  Heat and cold storage with PCM: An up to date introduction into basics and applications , 2008 .

[50]  Rongxin Yin.  Study on Auto-DR and Pre-Cooling of Commercial Buildings with Thermal Mass in California , 2010 .

[51]  P. A. Rubini,et al.  Analysis of ice cool thermal storage for a clinic building in Kuwait , 2006 .

[52]  Peng Xu,et al.  Demand reduction in building energy systems based on economic model predictive control , 2012 .

[53]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Optimal control of building storage systems using both ice storage and thermal mass – Part I: Simulation environment , 2012 .

[54]  Yat Huang Yau,et al.  Feasibility study of an ice slurry-cooling coil for HVAC and R systems in a tropical building , 2010 .

[55]  M. K. Rathod,et al.  Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: A review , 2013 .

[56]  Joseph Virgone,et al.  Energetic efficiency of room wall containing PCM wallboard: A full-scale experimental investigation , 2008 .

[57]  Paolo Pinceti.  Emergency load-shedding algorithm for large industrial plants , 2002 .

[58]  H. Kaasinen,et al.  The absorption of phase change substances into commonly used building materials , 1992 .

[59]  Na Zhu,et al.  Dynamic characteristics and energy performance of buildings using phase change materials: A review , 2009 .

[60]  Peng Xu.  EVALUATION OF DEMAND SHIFTING STRATEGIES WITH THERMAL MASS IN TWO LARGE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS , 2006 .

[61]  James E. Braun,et al.  Reducing energy costs and peak electrical demand through optimal control of building thermal storage , 1990 .

[62]  M. L. Warren.  IMPACT OF OPERATION AND CONTROL STRATEGY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM , 1986 .

[63]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Development of a Predictive Optimal Controller for Thermal Energy Storage Systems , 1997 .

[64]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Ice Storage System Controls for the Reduction of Operating Cost and Energy Use , 1998 .

[65]  Zhishen Wu,et al.  A review of intercalation composite phase change material: Preparation, structure and properties , 2012 .

[66]  D. Feldman,et al.  Energy-Storing Wallboard: Flammability Tests , 1998 .

[67]  Peng Xu.  Demand Shifting with Thermal Mass in Light and Heavy Mass Commercial Buildings , 2009 .

[68]  C. E. Dorgan,et al.  ASHRAE's new design guide for cool thermal storage , 1994 .

[69]  K Darkwa,et al.  Heat transfer in neuron composite laminated phase-change drywall , 2004 .

[70]  Lu Aye,et al.  An ice thermal storage computer model , 2001 .

[71]  Fu Xiao,et al.  A study of pre-cooling impacts on peak demand limiting in commercial buildings , 2012, HVAC&R Research.

[72]  Min Xiao,et al.  Preparation and performance of shape stabilized phase change thermal storage materials with high thermal conductivity , 2002 .

[73]  Shyh-Jier Huang,et al.  An adaptive load shedding method with time-based design for isolated power systems , 2000 .

[74]  Gregor P. Henze,et al.  Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Control for Thermal Energy Storage Systems , 2003 .

[75]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Deterministic model for an internal melt ice-on-coil thermal storage tank , 1997 .

[76]  S. M. Hasnain.  Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, Part II: cool thermal storage , 1998 .

[77]  Frédéric Kuznik,et al.  A review on phase change materials integrated in building walls , 2011 .

[78]  Philip Haves,et al.  Demand Shifting With Thermal Mass in Large Commercial Buildings: Field Tests, Simulation and Audits , 2005 .

[79]  S. Mozhevelov,et al.  Temperature Moderation in a Real-Size Room by PCM-Based Units , 2006 .

[80]  H. J. Hussain,et al.  Ecomomic Assessment of Chilled Water Thermal Storage and Conventional Air-Conditioning Systems , 2012 .

[81]  Gregor P. Henze,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of optimal building thermal mass control , 2007 .

[82]  Ye Hong,et al.  Preparation of polyethylene–paraffin compound as a form-stable solid-liquid phase change material , 2000 .

[83]  John E. Seem,et al.  Adaptive Demand Limiting Control Using Load Shedding , 1995 .

[84]  Mohammed M. Farid,et al.  A Review on Energy Conservation in Building Applications with Thermal Storage by Latent Heat Using Phase Change Materials , 2021, Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials.

[85]  Mario A. Medina,et al.  Development of a thermally enhanced frame wall with phase‐change materials for on‐peak air conditioning demand reduction and energy savings in residential buildings , 2005 .

[86]  Robert F. Boehm,et al.  Modeling of phase change material peak load shifting , 2007 .

[87]  Mohd Amin Abd Majid,et al.  Operation and Performance of a Thermal Energy Storage System: A Case Study of Campus Cooling using Cogeneration Plant , 2012 .

[88]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Optimal controls of building storage systems using both ice storage and thermal mass – Part II: Parametric analysis , 2012 .

[89]  Motoi Yamaha,et al.  The Evaluation of Peak Shaving by a Thermal Storage System Using Phase-Change Materials in Air Distribution Systems , 2006 .

[90]  Chang W. Sohn,et al.  Chilled water storage cooling system at Fort Jackson, SC. Final report , 1998 .

[91]  Kurt Roth,et al.  Cool Thermal Energy Storage , 2006 .