Deeply Learned Rich Coding for Cross-Dataset Facial Age Estimation

We propose a method for leveraging publicly available labeled facial age datasets to estimate age from unconstrained face images at the ChaLearn Looking at People (LAP) challenge 2015 [9]. We first learn discriminative age related representation on multiple publicly available age datasets using deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Training CNN is supervised by rich binary codes, and thus modeled as a multi-label classification problem. The codes represent different age group partitions at multiple granularities, and also gender information. We then train a regressor from deep representation to age on the small training dataset provided by LAP organizer by fusing random forest and quadratic regression with local adjustment. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method on the provided testing data. It obtains the performance of 0.287, and ranks the 3rd place in the challenge. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed deep representation is insensitive to cross-dataset bias, and thus generalizable to new datasets collected from other sources.

[1]  Ming Yang,et al.  DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[2]  Guodong Guo,et al.  Joint estimation of age, gender and ethnicity: CCA vs. PLS , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[3]  Yun Fu,et al.  Human Age Estimation With Regression on Discriminative Aging Manifold , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[4]  Dit-Yan Yeung,et al.  Multi-task warped Gaussian process for personalized age estimation , 2010, 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[5]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition , 2014, ICLR.

[6]  Sergio Escalera,et al.  ChaLearn Looking at People 2015: Apparent Age and Cultural Event Recognition Datasets and Results , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW).

[7]  James Philbin,et al.  FaceNet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[8]  Ling Li,et al.  Ordinal Regression by Extended Binary Classification , 2006, NIPS.

[9]  Yi-Ping Hung,et al.  Ordinal hyperplanes ranker with cost sensitivities for age estimation , 2011, CVPR 2011.

[10]  Chu-Song Chen,et al.  Automatic Age Estimation from Face Images via Deep Ranking , 2015, BMVC.

[11]  Stan Z. Li,et al.  Age Estimation by Multi-scale Convolutional Network , 2014, ACCV.

[12]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Cumulative Attribute Space for Age and Crowd Density Estimation , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[13]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Active Appearance Models , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[14]  Hongyuan Zha,et al.  Learning distance metric for regression by semidefinite programming with application to human age estimation , 2009, ACM Multimedia.

[15]  Ze-Nian Li,et al.  Age Estimation Based on Complexity-Aware Features , 2014, ACCV.

[16]  Niels da Vitoria Lobo,et al.  Age Classification from Facial Images , 1999, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[17]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Representation by Joint Identification-Verification , 2014, NIPS.

[18]  Karl Ricanek,et al.  MORPH: a longitudinal image database of normal adult age-progression , 2006, 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FGR06).

[19]  Tal Hassner,et al.  Age and Gender Estimation of Unfiltered Faces , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[20]  Natalie C. Ebner,et al.  FACES—A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation , 2010, Behavior research methods.

[21]  Dumitru Erhan,et al.  Going deeper with convolutions , 2014, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[22]  Yun Fu,et al.  Locally Adjusted Robust Regression for Human Age Estimation , 2008, 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision.

[23]  Yun Fu,et al.  Human age estimation using bio-inspired features , 2009, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[24]  Guodong Guo,et al.  Simultaneous dimensionality reduction and human age estimation via kernel partial least squares regression , 2011, CVPR 2011.

[25]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deeply learned face representations are sparse, selective, and robust , 2014, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[26]  Chu-Song Chen,et al.  A Learning Framework for Age Rank Estimation Based on Face Images With Scattering Transform , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[27]  Shuicheng Yan,et al.  Ranking with Uncertain Labels , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo.

[28]  Shu Kong,et al.  Learning Mid-Level Features and Modeling Neuron Selectivity for Image Classification , 2014, ArXiv.

[29]  Dorin Comaniciu,et al.  Image based regression using boosting method , 2005, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1.

[30]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.