Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies Diagnosed by Two- and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound

The aim of this review is to present a wide spectrum of placental and umbilical cord pathologies affecting the pregnancy. Placental and umbilical cord anomalies are highly associated with high-risk pregnancies and may jeopardize fetal well-being in utero as well as causing a predisposition towards poor perinatal outcome with increased fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The permanent, computerized perinatology databases of different international centers have been searched and investigated to fulfil the aim of this manuscript. An extended gallery of prenatal imaging with autopsy correlation in specific cases will help to provide readers with a useful iconographic tool and will assist with the understanding and definition of this critical obstetrical and perinatological issue.

[1]  E. Ferrazzi,et al.  Third‐trimester ultrasound for antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum in women with placenta previa: results from the ADoPAD study , 2022, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[2]  D. Sherer,et al.  Current Perspectives of Prenatal Sonography of Umbilical Cord Morphology , 2021, International journal of women's health.

[3]  T. Leung,et al.  Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord hemangioma , 2021, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[4]  Y. Ville,et al.  MRI based morphological examination of the placenta. , 2021, Placenta.

[5]  A. Brunetti,et al.  Prediction of placenta accreta spectrum in patients with placenta previa using clinical risk factors, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings , 2021, La radiologia medica.

[6]  Peng Guo,et al.  Clinical diagnostic value and analysis of MRI combined with ultrasound in prenatal pernicious placenta previa with placenta accreta. , 2021, Annals of palliative medicine.

[7]  O. Celik,et al.  Outcomes of pregnancies diagnosed with circumvallate placenta, and use of uterine artery pulsatility index and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein for prediction of adverse outcomes. , 2021, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[8]  Kao-Lang Liu,et al.  The "rail sign": An ultrasound finding in placenta accreta spectrum indicating deep villous invasion and adverse outcomes. , 2021, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[9]  D. Levine,et al.  Special Report of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Placenta Accreta Spectrum Ultrasound Marker Task Force: Consensus on definition of markers and approach to the ultrasound examination in pregnancies at risk for placenta accreta spectrum. , 2021, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[10]  Aman Khurana,et al.  Review of MRI imaging for placenta accreta spectrum: Pathophysiologic insights, imaging signs, and recent developments. , 2020, Placenta.

[11]  A. Roman,et al.  Prenatally diagnosed vasa previa: association with adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. , 2020, American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM.

[12]  J. Warland,et al.  Umbilical cord characteristics and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, PloS one.

[13]  R. Akolekar,et al.  Perinatal outcome of pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa: systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2020, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[14]  D. Subtil,et al.  Risk factors for spontaneous hematoma of the umbilical cord: A case-control study. , 2020, Placenta.

[15]  A. Fonseca,et al.  Maternal morbidity and mortality due to placenta accreta spectrum disorders. , 2020, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[16]  E. Bujold,et al.  Guideline No. 402: Diagnosis and Management of Placenta Previa. , 2020, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC.

[17]  J. Kingdom,et al.  A comparison of recent guidelines in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. , 2020, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[18]  P. Antsaklis,et al.  Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia: Ultrasound Characteristics and Diagnostic Pitfalls , 2020, Ultrasound International Open.

[19]  G. Saade,et al.  Umbilical Cord Abnormalities and Stillbirth. , 2020, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[20]  S. Halabi,et al.  Sonographic Diagnosis of Velamentous and Marginal Placental Cord Insertion , 2020, Ultrasound quarterly.

[21]  F. Prefumo,et al.  Interobserver agreement in MRI assessment of severity of placenta accreta spectrum disorders , 2020, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[22]  D. Rodriguez,et al.  Performance of ultrasound for the visualization of the placental cord insertion. , 2019, Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology.

[23]  E. Jauniaux,et al.  New evidence-based diagnostic and management strategies for placenta accreta spectrum disorders. , 2019, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[24]  T. Todros,et al.  Ultrasound accuracy in prenatal diagnosis of abnormal placentation of posterior placenta previa. , 2019, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[25]  F. Leyva,et al.  Placental mesenchymal dysplasia, a rare pathology. , 2019, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology.

[26]  A. Athanasiadis,et al.  Diagnosis and Management of Vasa Previa: A Comparison of 4 National Guidelines. , 2019, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[27]  A. Rebarber,et al.  Frequency of spontaneous resolution of vasa previa with advancing gestational age. , 2019, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  S. Haeri,et al.  Vasa Previa: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. , 2019, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[29]  J. Langhoff‐Roos,et al.  FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders , , 2019, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[30]  A. Khalil,et al.  Perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by placental chorioangioma: systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2019, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[31]  G. Shaw,et al.  Vasa previa and extreme prematurity: a population-based study , 2019, Journal of Perinatology.

[32]  R. D’Souza,et al.  Prevalence of obstetric risk factors in pregnancies with vasa previa: A systematic review and meta‐ analysis: 734 , 2019, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[33]  J. Kingdom,et al.  Placenta Praevia and Placenta Accreta: Diagnosis and Management , 2018, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[34]  A. Abuhamad,et al.  Imaging of Placenta Accreta Spectrum , 2018, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[35]  R. Silver,et al.  Placenta Accreta Spectrum. , 2018, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[36]  A. Odibo,et al.  Vasa previa screening strategies: decision and cost‐effectiveness analysis , 2018, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[37]  B. Sibai,et al.  Prenatal Diagnosis of Vasa Previa: Outpatient versus Inpatient Management , 2018, American Journal of Perinatology.

[38]  S. Tudorache.  Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate , 2018 .

[39]  R. Silver,et al.  Placenta Accreta Spectrum , 2018, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  J. Hasegawa.  Ultrasound screening of umbilical cord abnormalities and delivery management. , 2017, Placenta.

[41]  Y. Ville,et al.  Fetal intra‐abdominal umbilical vein varix: retrospective cohort study and systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2017, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[42]  Sally Collins,et al.  Placenta accreta spectrum: pathophysiology and evidence‐based anatomy for prenatal ultrasound imaging , 2018, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[43]  C. Parker,et al.  Altered fetal growth, placental abnormalities, and stillbirth , 2017, PloS one.

[44]  Y. Oyelese.  Prenatally Diagnosed Vasa Previa: A Single-Institution Series of 96 Cases. , 2017, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[45]  V. Catanzarite,et al.  Prenatally Diagnosed Vasa Previa: A Single-Institution Series of 96 Cases , 2016, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[46]  J. Limpens,et al.  Incidence of and risk indicators for vasa praevia: a systematic review , 2016, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[47]  D. Katz,et al.  Comprehensive Imaging Review of Abnormalities of the Placenta , 2016, Ultrasound quarterly.

[48]  R. Silver.  Abnormal Placentation: Placenta Previa, Vasa Previa, and Placenta Accreta. , 2015, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[49]  R. Silver,et al.  Placenta accreta spectrum: accreta, increta, and percreta. , 2015, Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America.

[50]  E. Araújo Júnior,et al.  Prenatal diagnosis of placenta and umbilical cord pathologies by three-dimensional ultrasound: pictorial essay. , 2015, Medical ultrasonography.

[51]  A. Mittal,et al.  Antenatal umbilical coiling index as a predictor of perinatal outcome , 2015, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

[52]  J. Hasegawa.  Ultrasound Assessment of the Umbilical Cord , 2014 .

[53]  F. Hirahara,et al.  Circumvallate Placenta: Associated Clinical Manifestations and Complications—A Retrospective Study , 2014, Obstetrics and gynecology international.

[54]  D. Heller,et al.  Placental mesenchymal dysplasia. , 2014, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[55]  N. Sebire,et al.  Systematic review of placental pathology reported in association with stillbirth. , 2014, Placenta.

[56]  R. Romero,et al.  Presence of an Umbilical Artery Notch in Monochorionic/Monoamniotic Twins , 2014, Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy.

[57]  D. Skupski,et al.  Placental chorioangioma: literature review , 2014, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[58]  F. D’Antonio,et al.  Ultrasound in placental disorders. , 2014, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[59]  D. Katz,et al.  Comprehensive imaging review of abnormalities of the umbilical cord. , 2014, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[60]  Praveen Jha,et al.  Placenta , 2013, Definitions.

[61]  A. Heazell.  Abnormalities of the placenta , 2012, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.

[62]  P. Hervé,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Surface Rendering of the Chorionic Placental Plate: The “Tire” Sign for the Diagnosis of a Circumvallate Placenta , 2012, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[63]  Kenichi Tanaka,et al.  Clinical significances of magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa in a woman with bilobed placentas , 2011, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[64]  R. Boldes,et al.  Umbilical cord cysts in the second and third trimesters: significance and prenatal approach , 2010, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[65]  G. Adonakis,et al.  A case of umbilical cord hemangioma: Doppler studies and review of the literature. , 2009, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[66]  B. Sibai,et al.  Prenatal Diagnosis of Vasa Previa: Outpatient Versus Inpatient Management , 2019, Akusherstvo i ginekologiia.

[67]  J. Abramowicz,et al.  Ultrasound of the placenta: a systematic approach. Part II: functional assessment (Doppler). , 2008, Placenta.

[68]  J. Abramowicz,et al.  Ultrasound of the placenta: a systematic approach. Part I: Imaging. , 2008, Placenta.

[69]  Shunji Suzuki.  Clinical significance of pregnancies with circumvallate placenta , 2007, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[70]  Shunji Suzuki.  Antenatal screening for circumvallate placenta , 2008, Journal of Medical Ultrasonics.

[71]  A. Kurjak,et al.  Ultrasound of the Placenta , 2007 .

[72]  J. Hyjánek,et al.  Single umbilical artery and its siding in the second trimester of pregnancy: relation to chromosomal defects , 2007, Prenatal diagnosis.

[73]  L. Oppenheimer.  Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. , 2007, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC.

[74]  T. Kinoshita,et al.  Placental mesenchymal dysplasia , 2007, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[75]  D. Disalvo,et al.  Placental Surface Cysts Detected on Sonography , 2002, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[76]  A. Weissman,et al.  Sonographic findings of the umbilical cord: implications for the risk of fetal chromosomal anomalies , 2001, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[77]  T. Araki,et al.  Prenatal diagnosis of succenturiate lobe by ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging , 2000, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

[78]  T H Strong,et al.  The umbilical coiling index. , 1994, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[79]  K. Benirschke,et al.  Unusual Shapes of the Placenta. Placenta Accreta , 1967 .