Industrial motivation for interactive shape modeling: a case study in conceptual automotive design

As Computer Graphics makes rapid strides in various aspects of digital shape modeling it is easy to lose perspective of the larger motivations for digital shape modeling in design and animation. This chapter provides a high level view of shape modeling illustrated within the space of conceptual automotive design. Automotive design provides a unique perspective on digital shape modeling, where digital models are critical to downstream production processes but automotive designers almost exclusively work with sketches, clay and other traditional media. Design iterations that transition between physical and digital representations of a prototype are thus a big bottleneck in the industrial design lifecycle. In this chapter we propose a top-down approach, starting with the design desirables and suggesting modeling paradigms that harness skills and creativity of designers.

[1]  J. Bloomenthal.  Calculation of reference frames along a space curve , 1990 .

[2]  George Drettakis,et al.  Drawing for Illustration and Annotation in 3D , 2001, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[3]  Gershon Elber,et al.  Three dimensional freeform sculpting via zero sets of scalar trivariate functions , 1999, SMA '99.

[4]  Karan Singh,et al.  Interactive curve design using digital French curves , 1999, SI3D.

[5]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Adaptive implicit modeling using subdivision curves and surfaces as skeletons , 2002, SMA '02.

[6]  Abhishek Ranjan,et al.  A suggestive interface for image guided 3D sketching , 2004, CHI.

[7]  Christian Rössl,et al.  Laplacian surface editing , 2004, SGP '04.

[8]  George Drettakis,et al.  Relief : A Modeling by Drawing Tool , 2004 .

[9]  Pierre Poulin,et al.  Interactively Modeling with Photogrammetry , 1998, Rendering Techniques.

[10]  Blake Hannaford,et al.  Stable haptic interaction with virtual environments , 1999, IEEE Trans. Robotics Autom..

[11]  G. Farin.  Curves and Surfaces for Cagd: A Practical Guide , 2001 .

[12]  Alan H. Barr,et al.  Global and local deformations of solid primitives , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[13]  Ravin Balakrishnan,et al.  An interface for virtual 3D sculpting via physical proxy , 2006, GRAPHITE '06.

[14]  John F. Hughes,et al.  Sculpting: an interactive volumetric modeling technique , 1991, SIGGRAPH.

[15]  Baoquan Chen,et al.  SMARTPAPER: An Interactive and User Friendly Sketching System , 2004, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[16]  Gershon Elber,et al.  Discontinuous free form deformations , 2004, 12th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004. PG 2004. Proceedings..

[17]  Gershon Elber,et al.  Sketching as a solid modeling tool , 1995, SMA '95.

[18]  William Buxton,et al.  Large Displays in Automotive Design , 2000, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[19]  William E. Lorensen,et al.  Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[20]  Geoff Wyvill,et al.  Animated sweepers: keyframed swept deformations , 2004, Proceedings Computer Graphics International, 2004..

[21]  John F. Hughes,et al.  Direct manipulation of free-form deformations , 1992, SIGGRAPH.

[22]  Pierre Poulin,et al.  Sketching shadows and highlights to position lights , 1997, Proceedings Computer Graphics International.

[23]  Gerald E. Farin,et al.  Surfaces over Dirichlet tessellations , 1990, Comput. Aided Geom. Des..

[24]  Satoshi Matsuoka,et al.  Teddy: A Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design , 1999, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[25]  HanrahanPat,et al.  Direct WYSIWYG painting and texturing on 3D shapes , 1990 .

[26]  John F. Hughes,et al.  SKETCH: An Interface for Sketching 3D Scenes , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[27]  Takeo Igarashi,et al.  Clothing manipulation , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[28]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Interactive global and local deformations for virtual clay , 2003, Graph. Model..

[29]  Ivan E. Sutherland,et al.  Sketchpad a Man-Machine Graphical Communication System , 1899, Outstanding Dissertations in the Computer Sciences.

[30]  Ricardo S. Avila,et al.  A haptic interaction method for volume visualization , 1996, Proceedings of Seventh Annual IEEE Visualization '96.

[31]  J. Edward Colgate,et al.  Issues in the haptic display of tool use , 1995, Proceedings 1995 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Human Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots.

[32]  John F. Hughes,et al.  Sketching garments for virtual characters , 2006, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[33]  Hong Qin,et al.  Scalar-field-guided adaptive shape deformation and animation , 2003, The Visual Computer.

[34]  Werner Purgathofer,et al.  Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-Splines , 1989, Eurographics.

[35]  Fausto Bernardini,et al.  Cut-and-paste editing of multiresolution surfaces , 2002, SIGGRAPH.

[36]  André Guéziec.  'Meshsweeper': Dynamic Point-to-Polygonal-Mesh Distance and Applications , 2001, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[37]  David G. Lowe,et al.  Fitting Parameterized Three-Dimensional Models to Images , 1991, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[38]  Ari Rappoport,et al.  Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design , 1994, TOGS.

[39]  Marc Levoy,et al.  QSplat: a multiresolution point rendering system for large meshes , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[40]  Ming C. Lin,et al.  Fast volume-preserving free form deformation using multi-level optimization , 1999, SMA '99.

[41]  William Buxton,et al.  Creating principal 3D curves with digital tape drawing , 2002, CHI.

[42]  Markus H. Gross,et al.  Spectral processing of point-sampled geometry , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[43]  Frank Nielsen,et al.  A sketching interface for modeling the internal structures of 3D shapes , 2006, Smart Graphics.

[44]  Ignacio Llamas,et al.  Twister: a space-warp operator for the two-handed editing of 3D shapes , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[45]  Ronald N. Perry,et al.  Kizamu: a system for sculpting digital characters , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[46]  Ronald N. Perry,et al.  Adaptively sampled distance fields: a general representation of shape for computer graphics , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[47]  Geoff Wyvill,et al.  Sweepers: swept user-defined tools for modeling by deformation , 2004, Proceedings Shape Modeling Applications, 2004..

[48]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Shape modeling by sketching using convolution surfaces , 2007, SIGGRAPH '07.

[49]  Neil A. Dodgson,et al.  Preventing Self-Intersection under Free-Form Deformation , 2001, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..

[50]  R. Aris.  Vectors, Tensors and the Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics , 1962 .

[51]  Hong Qin,et al.  Virtual clay: a real-time sculpting system with haptic toolkits , 2001, I3D '01.

[52]  Kenneth I. Joy,et al.  Free-form deformations with lattices of arbitrary topology , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[53]  Fabrice Neyret,et al.  Simulation of smoke based on vortex filament primitives , 2005, SCA '05.

[54]  Alyn P. Rockwood,et al.  A generalized de Casteljau approach to 3D free-form deformation , 1994, SIGGRAPH.

[55]  James Gain,et al.  Adaptive Refinement and Decimation under Free-Form Deformation , 2007 .

[56]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Virtual Clay for Direct Hand Manipulation , 2004, Eurographics.

[57]  Mark R. Cutkosky,et al.  Stable User-Specific Haptic Rendering of the Virtual Wall , 1996, Dynamic Systems and Control.

[58]  Gershon Elber,et al.  Inferring 3D models from freehand sketches and constraints , 1997, Comput. Aided Des..

[59]  David H. Eberly,et al.  3D Game Engine Design , 2001 .

[60]  Lance Williams,et al.  3D paint , 1990, I3D '90.

[61]  Marc Levoy,et al.  Fitting smooth surfaces to dense polygon meshes , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[62]  Arie E. Kaufman,et al.  Volume sculpting , 1995, I3D '95.

[63]  Thomas H. Massie,et al.  The PHANToM Haptic Interface: A Device for Probing Virtual Objects , 1994 .

[64]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  An interface for creating and manipulating curves using a high degree-of-freedom curve input device , 2003, CHI '03.

[65]  Marc Alexa,et al.  Linear combination of transformations , 2002, ACM Trans. Graph..

[66]  Daniel C. Robbins,et al.  Three-dimensional widgets , 1992, I3D '92.

[67]  William Buxton,et al.  Digital tape drawing , 1999, UIST '99.

[68]  René Caubet,et al.  Combining implicit surfaces with soft blending in a CSG tree , 2007 .

[69]  Yoshiaki Takai,et al.  Free-form shape modeling by 3D cellular automata , 1999, Proceedings Shape Modeling International '99. International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications.

[70]  Eugene Fiume,et al.  Wires: a geometric deformation technique , 1998, SIGGRAPH.

[71]  Ramesh Raskar,et al.  Free‐form sketching with variational implicit surfaces , 2002, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[72]  Thomas W. Sederberg,et al.  Free-form deformation of solid geometric models , 1986, SIGGRAPH.

[73]  Brian Wyvill,et al.  Introduction to Implicit Surfaces , 1997 .

[74]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Non-Realistic Haptic Feedback for Virtual Sculpture , 2004 .

[75]  Neil A. Dodgson,et al.  Adaptive Refinement and Decimation under Free-Form Deformation , 2001 .

[76]  Roni Yagel,et al.  Interactive Space Deformation with Hardware-Assisted Rendering , 1997, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[77]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Practical volumetric sculpting , 2000, The Visual Computer.

[78]  Geoff Wyvill,et al.  Blendeforming: ray traceable localized foldover-free space deformation , 2001, Proceedings. Computer Graphics International 2001.

[79]  Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann,et al.  Dirichlet free-form deformations and their application to hand simulation , 1997, Proceedings. Computer Animation '97 (Cat. No.97TB100120).

[80]  Sabine Coquillart,et al.  Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling , 1990, SIGGRAPH.

[81]  André Crosnier,et al.  Efficient Cellular Automata for 2D/3D Free-form Modeling , 2003, WSCG.

[82]  Philippe Decaudin,et al.  Geometric Deformation by Merging a 3D-Object with a Simple Shape , 1996, Graphics Interface.

[83]  Geoff Wyvill,et al.  Swirling-sweepers: constant-volume modeling , 2004, 12th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004. PG 2004. Proceedings..

[84]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Resolution Adaptive Volume Sculpting , 2001, Graph. Model..

[85]  Jules Bloomenthal,et al.  Polygonization of implicit surfaces , 1988, Comput. Aided Geom. Des..

[86]  George Merrill Chaikin,et al.  An algorithm for high-speed curve generation , 1974, Comput. Graph. Image Process..

[87]  Sabine Coquillart,et al.  Axial deformations: an intuitive deformation technique , 1994, Comput. Aided Des..

[88]  Brian Curless,et al.  From range scans to 3D models , 1999, COMG.

[89]  Hod Lipson,et al.  Optimization-based reconstruction of a 3D object from a single freehand line drawing , 1996, Comput. Aided Des..

[90]  Richard K. Beatson,et al.  Reconstruction and representation of 3D objects with radial basis functions , 2001, SIGGRAPH.

[91]  Jos Stam,et al.  Stable fluids , 1999, SIGGRAPH.

[92]  Mathieu Desbrun,et al.  Animation of Deformable Models Using Implicit Surfaces , 1997, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..