Critical pathways : a review. Committee on Acute Cardiac Care, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association.

Critical pathways, also known as critical paths, clinical pathways, or care paths, are management plans that display goals for patients and provide the sequence and timing of actions necessary to achieve these goals with optimal efficiency.1 As competition in the healthcare industry has increased, managers have embraced critical pathways as a method to reduce variation in care, decrease resource utilization, and potentially improve healthcare quality. Cardiovascular medicine in particular is an area in which critical pathways have been embraced. This is due in part to the high volume and high cost associated with cardiovascular diseases and procedures. In addition, the relatively mature guideline process has also contributed to the growth in use of critical pathways in cardiology. Although anchored in clinical guidelines, the critical pathway is a distinct tool that details processes of care and highlights inefficiencies regardless of whether there is evidence to warrant changes in those processes. Clinical guidelines, on the other hand, are consensus statements that are systematically developed to assist practitioners in making patient management decisions related to specific clinical circumstances.2 Although clinical guidelines can and should be used in pathway development, the majority of processes included in a pathway have not been rigorously tested and are generally not addressed in guidelines. Another term that should also be distinguished from critical pathways is clinical protocols. Protocols are treatment recommendations that are often based on guidelines. Like the critical pathway, the goal of the clinical protocol may be to decrease treatment variation. However, protocols are most often focused on guideline compliance rather than the identification of rate-limiting steps in the patient care process. In further contrast to critical pathways, protocols may or may not include a continuous monitoring and data-evaluation component. Critical pathway techniques were first developed for use in industry as a tool to …