Evolution, Creativity and Intelligence in Complex Systems

In order to make “intelligent” decisions we need to act “successfully”, and the only indisputable measure of “success” is of course that of survival in the arena in question. Action is taken on the basis of two beliefs. First, we must either believe that we know the possible outcomes of our actions (or know to what extent we cannot know what those outcomes will be), and second, we must have formulated some values or goals by which we believe we can measure the expected “performance” of our choice.

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