Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock revisited: concepts, controversies, and contemporary findings.

2006;130;1579-1595 Chest Christopher V. Holthaus, Tiffany Osborn and Emanuel P. Rivers Munish Goyal, Kyle J. Gunnerson, Stephen Trzeciak, Robert Sherwin, Ronny M. Otero, H. Bryant Nguyen, David T. Huang, David F. Gaieski, Findings Concepts, Controversies, and Contemporary Sepsis and Septic Shock Revisited: Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Severe http://chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/5/1579 and services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information ). ISSN: 0012-3692. http://www.chestjournal.org/misc/reprints.shtml ( of the copyright holder may be reproduced or distributed without the prior written permission Northbrook IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, 2007 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright CHEST is the official journal of the American College of Chest

[1]  M. Weil,et al.  EXCESS LACTATE: AN INDEX OF REVERSIBILITY OF SHOCK IN HUMAN PATIENTS. , 1964, Science.

[2]  E. Frank.  A SHOCK TEAM IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL , 1967, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[3]  L. Greenfield,et al.  Prevention and reversal of myocardial failure in endotoxin shock. , 1973, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[4]  L. Cady,et al.  Quantization of severity of critical illness with special reference to blood lactate , 1973, Critical care medicine.

[5]  E. Mokgokong.  Treatment of septicaemic shock in gynaecology and obstetrics. , 1973, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[6]  P. Safar,et al.  Emergency and critical care medicine: local implementation of national recommendations. , 1974, Clinical anesthesia.

[7]  J. Hassett,et al.  Vasodilator therapy in clinical sepsis with low output syndrome. , 1978, The Journal of surgical research.

[8]  M. Weil,et al.  Oxygen delivery and utilization during rapidly fatal septic shock in rats. , 1986, Circulatory shock.

[9]  W. Shoemaker,et al.  Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. , 1988, Chest.

[10]  M. Weil,et al.  Relationship of oxygen delivery and mixed venous oxygenation to lactic acidosis in patients with sepsis and acute myocardial infarction. , 1988, Critical care medicine.

[11]  S. Nasraway,et al.  Inotropic response to digoxin and dopamine in patients with severe sepsis, cardiac failure, and systemic hypoperfusion. , 1989, Chest.

[12]  S. Cain,et al.  Comparison of central-venous to mixed-venous oxygen saturation during changes in oxygen supply/demand. , 1989, Chest.

[13]  O. Nielsen,et al.  Erythropoietin deficiency in acute tubular necrosis , 1990, Journal of internal medicine.

[14]  J. Vincent,et al.  Dobutamine administration in septic shock: addition to a standard protocol. , 1990, Critical care medicine.

[15]  F. Ognibene,et al.  Septic shock in humans. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[16]  E. Rackow,et al.  Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock. , 1991, JAMA.

[17]  J. Oropello,et al.  Systemic hypoxic and inflammatory syndrome: An alternative designation for “sepsis syndrome” , 1992, Critical care medicine.

[18]  W J Sibbald,et al.  Effect of stored-blood transfusion on oxygen delivery in patients with sepsis. , 1993, JAMA.

[19]  M. Hiesmayr,et al.  Mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill septic shock patients. The role of defined events. , 1993, Chest.

[20]  E. Rackow,et al.  Mechanisms and management of septic shock. , 1993, Critical care clinics.

[21]  J. Vincent,et al.  Oxygen extraction in patients with sepsis and heart failure: another look at clinical studies. , 1994, Clinical intensive care : international journal of critical & coronary care medicine.

[22]  F. Cerra,et al.  Multiple organ failure syndrome in the 1990s. Systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction. , 1994, JAMA.

[23]  H. Smithline,et al.  A comparison of the shock index and conventional vital signs to identify acute, critical illness in the emergency department. , 1994, Annals of emergency medicine.

[24]  B. Chernow,et al.  The use and clinical importance of a substrate-specific electrode for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations. , 1994, JAMA.

[25]  J. Vincent,et al.  Oxygen uptake/oxygen supply dependency: Fact or fiction? , 1995, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[26]  F Doyon,et al.  Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. , 1995, JAMA.

[27]  P. Pelosi,et al.  A Trial of Goal-Oriented Hemodynamic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients , 1995 .

[28]  Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients , 1995 .

[29]  R. Strieter,et al.  Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 1996, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[30]  M. Grzybowski,et al.  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and lactic acidosis in the detection of critical illness among patients presenting to an emergency department , 1996 .

[31]  J. Younger,et al.  Relationship between arterial and peripheral venous lactate levels. , 1996, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[32]  W. Jelkmann,et al.  Serum erythropoietin levels in patients with sepsis and septic shock , 1996, European journal of haematology.

[33]  R. Nowak,et al.  Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate. , 1996, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[34]  J. Vincent,et al.  Erythropoietin response is blunted in critically ill patients , 1997, Intensive Care Medicine.

[35]  S. McJames,et al.  Effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine on intramucosal pH and hemodynamics of dogs during endotoxic shock. , 1998, Acta anaesthesiologica Sinica.

[36]  R. Waldrop,et al.  Critical care provided in an urban emergency department. , 1998, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[37]  J. Edwards,et al.  Importance of the sampling site for measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation in shock. , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[38]  R. Wenzel,et al.  Septic shock: an analysis of outcomes for patients with onset on hospital wards versus intensive care units. , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[39]  L. Worthley,et al.  Digoxin in the critically ill patient. , 1999, Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine.

[40]  S. Opal,et al.  Clinical trials for severe sepsis. Past failures, and future hopes. , 1999, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[41]  J. Fischer,et al.  Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis , 1999, The Lancet.

[42]  G. Wells,et al.  A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[43]  J. Vincent,et al.  Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[44]  N. Mann,et al.  Population-based research assessing the effectiveness of trauma systems. , 1999, The Journal of trauma.

[45]  G Sherman,et al.  Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. , 1999, Chest.

[46]  Hollenberg.  Top ten list in myocardial infarction , 2000, Chest.

[47]  J. Helterbrand,et al.  Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis , 2003 .

[48]  D. Pinsky,et al.  The endothelial response to oxygen deprivation: biology and clinical implications , 2001, Intensive Care Medicine.

[49]  Shigeaki Kobayashi,et al.  Serial Measurement of Arterial Lactate Concentrations as a Prognostic Indicator in Relation to the Incidence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , 2001, Surgery Today.

[50]  Can Ince,et al.  Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation , 2002, The Lancet.

[51]  William C. Shoemaker,et al.  Meta-analysis of hemodynamic optimization in high-risk patients* , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[52]  D. Annane,et al.  Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. , 2002, JAMA.

[53]  J. Vincent,et al.  Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. , 2002, JAMA.

[54]  S. Dzik.  Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock , 2002 .

[55]  M. Donnino,et al.  Cryptic Septic Shock: A Sub-analysis of Early, Goal-Directed Therap , 2003 .

[56]  L. McCaig,et al.  National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2001 emergency department summary. , 2003 .

[57]  Claude D Martin,et al.  Empirical antimicrobial therapy of septic shock patients: Adequacy and impact on the outcome* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[58]  J. Fisher,et al.  Erythropoietin: Physiology and Pharmacology Update 2 , 2003, Experimental biology and medicine.

[59]  Cost-effectiveness of early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock , 2003, Critical Care.

[60]  M. Astiz,et al.  Impaired mitochondrial function induced by serum from septic shock patients is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and poly(ADP-ribose) synthase* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[61]  G. Chertow,et al.  Diuretics, mortality, and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure , 2003 .

[62]  R. Prescott,et al.  Does the storage time of transfused red blood cells influence regional or global indexes of tissue oxygenation in anemic critically ill patients?* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[63]  Robyn Norton,et al.  A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the Intensive Care unit , 2005 .

[64]  D. Annane,et al.  Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[65]  A. Wolff,et al.  Using checklists and reminders in clinical pathways to improve hospital inpatient care , 2004, The Medical journal of Australia.

[66]  R. Pino,et al.  Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide for the evaluation of intensive care unit shock* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[67]  J. Bartlett.  Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia , 2004 .

[68]  M. Donnino,et al.  SURROGATE MARKERS FOR LACTIC ACIDOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK: 542 , 2004 .

[69]  Mitchell M. Levy,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[70]  G. Jacobsen,et al.  Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[71]  C. Hartog,et al.  Continuous central venous and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[72]  A. Verceles,et al.  S.E.P.S.I.S: SEPSIS EDUCATION PLUS SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ABSENCE OF A RAPID RESPONSE TEAM , 2005 .

[73]  James A Russell,et al.  Early changes in organ function predict eventual survival in severe sepsis* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[74]  Arnaldo Dubin,et al.  Shock on admission day is the best predictor of prolonged mechanical ventilation in the ICU. , 2005, Chest.

[75]  F. Sebat,et al.  A multidisciplinary community hospital program for early and rapid resuscitation of shock in nontrauma patients. , 2005, Chest.

[76]  J. Ioannidis.  Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research , 2005 .

[77]  F. Lobo,et al.  Prospective, randomized trial comparing fluids and dobutamine optimization of oxygen delivery in high-risk surgical patients , 2005, Critical Care.

[78]  Robert W. Armstrong,et al.  Results of Implementing a Rapid Response Team Approach in Treatment of Shock in a Community Hospital , 2005 .

[79]  Jay Steingrub,et al.  Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis and a low risk of death. , 2005 .

[80]  F. Gao,et al.  The impact of compliance with 6-hour and 24-hour sepsis bundles on hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study , 2005, Critical care.

[81]  J. Kline,et al.  Use of goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock in academic emergency departments. , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[82]  A. Coquerel,et al.  Serum Erythropoietin Levels in Septic Shock , 2005, Anaesthesia and intensive care.

[83]  M. Donnino.  B-type Natriuretic Peptide in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock , 2005 .

[84]  H. Nguyen,et al.  Improving the Uniformity of Care with a Sepsis Bundle in the Emergency Department , 2005 .

[85]  H. Rogove,et al.  COLLABORATION FOR INSTITUTING THE SURVIVING SEPSIS CAMPAIGN IN A COMMUNITY HOSPITAL.: 110-S , 2005 .

[86]  Milo Engoren,et al.  The effect of prompt physician visits on intensive care unit mortality and cost , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[87]  T. Osborn,et al.  Emergency medicine and the surviving sepsis campaign: an international approach to managing severe sepsis and septic shock. , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[88]  Larry A Nathanson,et al.  Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with infection. , 2005, Annals of emergency medicine.

[89]  S. Trzeciak,et al.  Clinical manifestations of disordered microcirculatory perfusion in severe sepsis , 2005, Critical care.

[90]  V. Pettilä,et al.  Hemodynamic variables related to outcome in septic shock , 2005, Intensive Care Medicine.

[91]  S. Lowry,et al.  THE SAFETY OF DROTRECOGIN ALFA (ACTIVATED): INDEPTH DATA ANALYSIS SUGGESTS SURVIVAL BENEFIT INDEPENDENT OF SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENT OCCURRENCES , 2005 .

[92]  M. Goyal,et al.  Mortality Benefit After Implementation of Early Goal Directed Therapy Protocol for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock , 2005 .

[93]  K. Wood,et al.  Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[94]  David T. Huang,et al.  Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock revisited: concepts, controversies, and contemporary findings. , 2006, Chest.

[95]  S. Magder.  Central venous pressure: A useful but not so simple measurement , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[96]  E. Rivers.  Fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury--liberal, conservative, or both? , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[97]  A. Kelly,et al.  Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate , 2006, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[98]  E. Rivers.  Mixed vs central venous oxygen saturation may be not numerically equal, but both are still clinically useful. , 2006, Chest.

[99]  Gordon R Bernard,et al.  Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[100]  S. Trzeciak.  Operationalizing the Use of Serum Lactate Measurement for Identifying High Risk of Death in a Clinical Practice Algorithm for Suspected Severe Sepsis , 2006 .

[101]  M. Bauer,et al.  Implementation of an evidence-based “standard operating procedure” and outcome in septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[102]  C. Silliman,et al.  Transfusion-related acute lung injury. , 2005, Blood.

[103]  A. J. Garcia.  Point-of-care Lactate Testing as a Predictor of Mortality in a Heterogeneous Emergency Department Population , 2006 .

[104]  J. Steingrub,et al.  Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. , 2006 .

[105]  S. Trzeciak,et al.  A novel biomarker panel with a Multimarker Index value for the diagnosis of sepsis in the Emergency Department , 2006, Critical Care.

[106]  Didier Payen,et al.  Does dopamine administration in shock influence outcome? Results of the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP) Study* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[107]  R. Berry,et al.  Improvement in Stroke Mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002 , 2006, Circulation.

[108]  E. Ruokonen,et al.  Mixed venous oxygen saturation cannot be estimated by central venous oxygen saturation in septic shock , 2006, Intensive Care Medicine.

[109]  A. Sheets.  Translating research to clinical practice: A 1-year experience with implementing Early Goal-Directed Therapy for septic shock in the Emergency Department , 2006 .

[110]  Daniel Talmor,et al.  Implementation and outcomes of the Multiple Urgent Sepsis Therapies (MUST) protocol* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[111]  S. Trzeciak,et al.  Early Goal-directed Therapy, Corticosteroid, and Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Emergency Department , 2007 .

[112]  S. Zanotti-Cavazzoni,et al.  Before-after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock , 2008 .