Eddy Covariance Measurements Over Urban Areas

Throughout the last two decades, numerous research projects applied the eddy covariance (EC) approach to urban ecosystems to directly measure turbulent fluxes between the urban surface and the atmosphere to quantify the exchange of energy, water vapor, greenhouse gases, air pollutants, and aerosols in connection with the assessment of (air pollutant) dispersion and of the urban energy, water, and carbon balances. Numerical models for dispersion, air pollution, and weather forecasting in cities rely on parameterization schemes for turbulence and surface exchange, which should take into account the implications that arise from the extremely rough surface of cities.

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