Static Replication Strategies for Content Availability in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

This study investigates replication strategies for reducing latency to desired content in a vehicular peer-to-peer network. We provide a general constrained optimization formulation for efficient replication and study it via analysis and simulations employing a discrete random walk mobility model for the vehicles. Our solution space comprises of a family of popularity based replication schemes each characterized by an exponent n. We find that the optimal replication exponent depends significantly on factors such as the total system storage, data item size, and vehicle trip duration. With small data items and long client trip durations, n ∼ 0.5 i.e., a square-root replication scheme provides the lowest aggregate latency across all data item requests. However, for short trip durations, n moves toward 1, making a linear replication scheme more favorable. For larger data items and long client trip durations, we find that the optimal replication exponent is below 0.5. Finally, for these larger data items, if the client trip duration is short, the optimal replication exponent is found to be a function of the total storage in the system. Subsequently, the above observations are validated with two real data sets: one based on a city map with freeway traffic information and the other employing encounter traces from a bus network.

[1]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  A Replica Allocation Method Adapting to Topology Changes in Ad Hoc Networks , 2005, DEXA.

[2]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Data replication methods based on the stability of radio links in ad hoc networks , 2003, 14th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2003. Proceedings..

[3]  Edith Cohen,et al.  Replication strategies in unstructured peer-to-peer networks , 2002, SIGCOMM.

[4]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  C2P2: a peer-to-peer network for on-demand automobile information services , 2004 .

[5]  Françoise Sailhan,et al.  Cooperative Caching in Ad Hoc Networks , 2003, Mobile Data Management.

[6]  Guohong Cao,et al.  Supporting cooperative caching in ad hoc networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[7]  R. Schiffer.  Psychobiology of Language , 1986 .

[8]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Replica allocation for correlated data items in ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, SGMD.

[9]  Takahiro Hara.  Location management of data items in mobile ad hoc networks , 2005, SAC '05.

[10]  Shahram Ghandeharizadeh,et al.  An evaluation of alternative continuous media replication techniques in wireless peer-to-peer networks , 2003, MobiDe '03.

[11]  George Kingsley Zipf,et al.  The Psychobiology of Language , 2022 .

[12]  L. Briesemeister,et al.  Disseminating messages among highly mobile hosts based on inter-vehicle communication , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 2000 (Cat. No.00TH8511).

[13]  Philip S. Yu,et al.  DASD dancing: a disk load balancing optimization scheme for video-on-demand computer systems , 1995, SIGMETRICS '95/PERFORMANCE '95.

[14]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  PAVAN: a policy framework for content availabilty in vehicular ad-hoc networks , 2004, VANET '04.

[15]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Effective replica allocation in ad hoc networks for improving data accessibility , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[16]  Martin Mauve,et al.  A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments , 2003, IEEE IV2003 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8683).

[17]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Replica allocation in ad hoc networks with periodic data update , 2002, Proceedings Third International Conference on Mobile Data Management MDM 2002.

[18]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  Single-copy routing in intermittently connected mobile networks , 2004, 2004 First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON 2004..

[19]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Cooperative caching by mobile clients in push-based information systems , 2002, CIKM '02.

[20]  S. Ghandeharizadeh,et al.  Evaluation of 802.11a for streaming data in ad-hoc networks , 2004, 2004 4th Workshop on Applications and Services in Wireless Networks, 2004. ASWN 2004..

[21]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  An evaluation of availability latency in carrier-based wehicular ad-hoc networks , 2006, MobiDE '06.

[22]  Günter Hommel,et al.  Role-based multicast in highly mobile but sparsely connected ad hoc networks , 2000, MobiHoc.

[23]  Konstantinos Psounis,et al.  Performance analysis of epidemic routing under contention , 2006, IWCMC '06.

[24]  T. Hara.  Replicating Data with Aperiodic Update in Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, Communications, Internet, and Information Technology.

[25]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Comparison of replication strategies for content availability in C2P2 networks , 2005, MDM '05.

[26]  David J. Aldous,et al.  Lower bounds for covering times for reversible Markov chains and random walks on graphs , 1989 .

[27]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Dynamic Data Replication Using Aperiodic Updates in Mobile Adhoc Networks , 2004, DASFAA.

[28]  Takahiro Hara,et al.  Replica Allocation Methods in Ad Hoc Networks with Data Update , 2003, Mob. Networks Appl..

[29]  Li Fan,et al.  Web caching and Zipf-like distributions: evidence and implications , 1999, IEEE INFOCOM '99. Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings. Eighteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. The Future is Now (Cat. No.99CH36320).

[30]  Brian Gallagher,et al.  MaxProp: Routing for Vehicle-Based Disruption-Tolerant Networks , 2006, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[31]  Asit Dan,et al.  Buffering and caching in large-scale video servers , 1995, Digest of Papers. COMPCON'95. Technologies for the Information Superhighway.

[32]  Shanshan Song,et al.  Placement of continuous media in wireless peer-to-peer networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[33]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  C2P2: a peer-to-peer network for on-demand automobile information services , 2004, Proceedings. 15th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2004..

[34]  Shinji Kusumoto,et al.  A Study on Performance Evaluation of Real-time Data Transmission on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, 7th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM'06).

[35]  Takahiro Hara.  Strategies for data location management in mobile ad hoc networks , 2005, 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'05).