Stability of a long cavity laser

In this paper, we will discuss the properties of long cavity frequency sweeping lasers and demonstrate various scenarios of coherence deterioration in such lasers. The long cavity lasers are known to demonstrate a rich variety of dynamical regimes including the formation of localised structures and transition to turbulence. The interest to frequency sweeping long cavity lasers has recently increased due to their application for imaging and sensing. For these applications, the stability of the laser is an important parameter as it directly influences its coherence and therefore, the quality of the obtained images.1 Our laser consists of a fiber based ring cavity resonator including a semiconductor optical amplifier as a gain medium and a Fabry-Perot tunable filter. Experimentally, we considered different laser configurations which has allowed us to study the influence of the cavity length, frequency sweeping speed and the detuning. We considered the dynamical regimes of the laser operating at a static (fixed output frequency) and quasi { static regimes. The study shows that the laser can be stable or unstable and demonstrate localised structures stable over multiple roundtrips. We also show the connection of the dynamics observed in the static, quasi-static and synchronisation regimes of long cavity lasers. Numerically, we used a model based on a system of delayed differential equations. The numerical simulation showed excellent agreement with the experimental data. We also show the formation of dark pulses, both periodic and nonperiodic, and showed that they are closely connected to Nozaki-Bekki holes previously predicted in the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.