ACOG PRACTICE BULLETIN

Critical care in pregnancy is a field that remains unevenly researched. Although there is a body of evidence to guide many recommendations in critical care, limited research specifically addresses obstetric critical care. The purpose of this document is to review the available evidence, propose strategies for care, and highlight the need for additional research. Much of the review will, of necessity, focus on general principles of critical care, extrapolating where possible to obstetric critical care.

[1]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Results at recruitment from a randomized controlled trial comparing human papillomavirus testing alone with conventional cytology as the primary cervical cancer screening test. , 2008, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[2]  E. Espín-Basany,et al.  Prospective, randomised study on antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Is it really necessary to use oral antibiotics? , 2005, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[3]  J. Rodis,et al.  The Use of Second‐Trimester Genetic Sonogram in Guiding Clinical Management of Patients at Increased Risk for Fetal Trisomy 21 , 1996, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[4]  F. Dunne,et al.  Pregnancy in women with Type 2 diabetes: 12 years outcome data 1990–2002 , 2003, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[5]  P. Catalano,et al.  Management of obesity in pregnancy , 2022, The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology.

[6]  M. Porto The unfavorable cervix: methods of cervical priming. , 1989, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[7]  Joni K. Evans,et al.  A randomized trial of prenatal ultrasonographic screening: impact on the detection, management, and outcome of anomalous fetuses. The RADIUS Study Group. , 1994, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[8]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  Frequency of cervical smear abnormalities within 3 years of normal cytology. , 2000 .

[9]  T. Horan,et al.  Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. , 1999, American journal of infection control.

[10]  S. Sinei,et al.  Preventing IUCD‐related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at insertion , 1990 .

[11]  Shing M. Lee,et al.  Transcervical Foley Catheter With and Without Oxytocin for Cervical Ripening: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2008, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[12]  M. Schiffman,et al.  Interobserver reproducibility of cervical cytologic and histologic interpretations: realistic estimates from the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study. , 2001, JAMA.

[13]  R. Reisman,et al.  Risk of administering cephalosporin antibiotics to patients with histories of penicillin allergy. , 1995, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[14]  Adalsteinn D. Brown,et al.  Current Approaches to Cervical-Cancer Screening , 2001 .

[15]  Joakim Dillner,et al.  Human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou tests to screen for cervical cancer. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  O. Brawley,et al.  Cancer screening in the United States, 2009: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening , 2009, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[17]  Peter J Pronovost,et al.  Physician staffing patterns and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a systematic review. , 2002, JAMA.

[18]  Marie A. Valdes-Dapena,et al.  Perinatal Autopsy Manual , 1990 .

[19]  C. W. Roberts,et al.  THE SYNTHESIS OF AN OCTAPEPTIDE AMIDE WITH THE HORMONAL ACTIVITY OF OXYTOCIN , 1953 .

[20]  A. Sciscione,et al.  Mechanical Methods of Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction , 2006, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[21]  D. Karnad,et al.  Critical illness and pregnancy: review of a global problem. , 2004, Critical care clinics.

[22]  Nereo Segnan,et al.  Accuracy of liquid based versus conventional cytology: overall results of new technologies for cervical cancer screening: randomised controlled trial , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[23]  J. Wisser,et al.  Estimation of gestational age by transvaginal sonographic measurement of greatest embryonic length in dated human embryos , 1994, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[24]  Jesse B. Hall,et al.  Critical care organization. , 2005, Critical care clinics.

[25]  M Boulvain,et al.  Membrane sweeping for induction of labour. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[26]  L. Mcfarland,et al.  Diarrhea acquired in the hospital. , 1993, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[27]  R. Kirby,et al.  Extreme Obesity and Risk of Stillbirth Among Black and White Gravidas , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  W. Rayburn,et al.  Prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening and induction of labor: a critical analysis. , 1989, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[29]  J. Peto,et al.  Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide , 1999, The Journal of pathology.

[30]  M. Pearce,et al.  Changing patterns of perinatal death, 1982–2000: a retrospective cohort study , 2004, Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition.

[31]  T. Wright,et al.  Chapter 14: HPV vaccine introduction in industrialized countries. , 2006, Vaccine.

[32]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  The Positive Predictive Value of Cervical Smears in Previously Screened Postmenopausal Women: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[33]  K. Noller,et al.  Cervical Cytology Screening Practices Among Obstetrician–Gynecologists , 2003, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[34]  M. Tomlinson,et al.  Early goal directed therapy for sepsis during pregnancy. , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America.

[35]  E. Norwitz,et al.  Prior cesarean delivery is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy: analysis of U.S. perinatal mortality data, 1995-1997. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[36]  J. Peipert,et al.  Prophylactic antibiotic administration prior to hysterectomy: a quality improvement initiative. , 2004, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[37]  D. Karnad,et al.  Critically ill obstetric patients in an American and an Indian public hospital: comparison of case-mix, organ dysfunction, intensive care requirements, and outcomes , 2005, Intensive Care Medicine.

[38]  D. Selo-Ojeme,et al.  Risk factors for obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital: a case-control study , 2005, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

[39]  S. Kilpatrick,et al.  Obstetric patients requiring critical care. A five-year review. , 1992 .

[40]  N. Kiviat,et al.  Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[41]  R. Hiatt,et al.  Advancing Age and Cervical Cancer Screening and Prognosis , 2001, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[42]  D. Goff,et al.  Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardi , 2007, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[43]  S. Chauhan,et al.  Amniotic fluid index vs single deepest pocket technique during modified biophysical profile: a randomized clinical trial. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[44]  M Greaves,et al.  Screening for thrombophilia in high-risk situations: systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) study. , 2006, Health technology assessment.

[45]  David C. Classen,et al.  The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[46]  V. J. Pappachan,et al.  Multicenter study of obstetric admissions to 14 intensive care units in southern England , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[47]  V. Katz,et al.  Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[48]  R. Goldstein,et al.  Sonographic estimation of amniotic fluid volume. Subjective assessment versus pocket measurements. , 1988, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[49]  W. Droegemueller,et al.  Perimortem cesarean delivery. , 1986, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[50]  Salvator Levi,et al.  Ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis: polemics around routine ultrasound screening for second trimester fetal malformations , 2002, Prenatal diagnosis.

[51]  J. Graham,et al.  A study of 534 fetal pathology cases from prenatal diagnosis referrals analyzed from 1989 through 2000 , 2007, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

[52]  N. Eriksen,et al.  A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Doxycycline for Curettage in Incomplete Abortion , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[53]  D. Eddy Screening for cervical cancer. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[54]  R. Pauli,et al.  Costs and consequences of comprehensive stillbirth assessment. , 2002, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[55]  S. Arulkumaran,et al.  Preinduction Cervical Ripening: Prostaglandin E2 Gel vs Hygroscopic Mechanical Dilator , 1997, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[56]  M. Levy,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[57]  F. Malone,et al.  Early Access to Prenatal Care: Implications for Racial Disparity in Perinatal Mortality , 2006, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[58]  İ. Koçak,et al.  Antibiotics prophylaxis in laparoscopy. , 2005, Ceska gynekologie.

[59]  L. Leduc Stillbirth and bereavement: guidelines for stillbirth investigation. , 2006, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC.

[60]  S. Cnattingius,et al.  Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population‐based birthweight standards , 2001, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[61]  H. Kitchener,et al.  A prospective randomised study of the effects of prophylactic antibiotics on the incidence of bacteraemia following hysteroscopic surgery. , 1995, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[62]  H. Verbrugh,et al.  Prophylactic ciprofloxacin for catheter-associated urinary-tract infection , 1992, The Lancet.

[63]  Adolescent cervical dysplasia: histologic evaluation, treatment, and outcomes , 2007 .

[64]  W. Piyamongkol,et al.  Comparison of intracervical and intravaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labour induction in patients with an unfavourable cervix. , 1997, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[65]  D. Nyberg,et al.  Distinguishing normal from abnormal gestational sac growth in early pregnancy. , 1987, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[66]  D. Benhamou,et al.  Obstetric patients treated in intensive care units and maternal mortality. Regional Teams for the Survey. , 1996, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[67]  M Arbyn,et al.  Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for intraepithelial or early invasive cervical lesions: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2006, The Lancet.

[68]  R. Pauli,et al.  Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program: II. Analysis of diagnoses and diagnostic categories in the first 1,000 referrals. , 1994, American journal of medical genetics.

[69]  G. Hankins,et al.  Uterine Contraction Pressures With Oxytocin Induction/Augmentation , 1986, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[70]  F. P. Hadlock,et al.  Estimating fetal age: computer-assisted analysis of multiple fetal growth parameters. , 1984, Radiology.

[71]  Ladipo Oa,et al.  Prevention of IUD-related pelvic infection: the efficacy of prophylactic doxycycline at IUD insertion , 1991, Advances in contraception : the official journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception.

[72]  F. Spielman,et al.  Pregnant Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Descriptive Analysis , 1993, Southern medical journal.

[73]  S. Clarke,et al.  Are prophylactic antibiotics necessary with clean intermittent catheterization? A randomized controlled trial. , 2005, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[74]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Preinduction sonographic measurement of cervical length in the prediction of successful induction of labor , 2001, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[75]  J. N. Martin,et al.  Parturitional factors associated with membrane stripping. , 1993, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[76]  P. Karakitsos,et al.  Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) following hysterectomy in patients treated for carcinoma in situ of the cervix. , 1997, European journal of gynaecological oncology.

[77]  P. Mooney,et al.  Six Hundred Endometrial Laser Ablations , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[78]  H. Adami,et al.  Reasons women do not attend screening for cervical cancer: a population-based study in Sweden. , 2001, Preventive medicine.

[79]  H. Grandjean,et al.  The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[80]  A. Satin,et al.  Factors affecting the dose response to oxytocin for labor stimulation. , 1992, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[81]  F. Witter,et al.  A randomized trial of prostaglandin E2 in a controlled-release vaginal pessary for cervical ripening at term. , 1992, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[82]  M. Stoler,et al.  Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance: a five-year retrospective histopathologic study. , 1998, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[83]  N. Veeger,et al.  Cytogenetic Analysis After Evaluation of 750 Fetal Deaths: Proposal for Diagnostic Workup , 2008, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[84]  N. Graf,et al.  Autopsy findings in a series of five cases of fetomaternal haemorrhages , 2003, Pathology.

[85]  R. C. Dennis,et al.  Guidelines on admission and discharge for adult intermediate care units. American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[86]  N. Rojansky,et al.  Prophylactic antibiotics in abdominal hysterectomy. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[87]  R. Naeye Disorders of the Placenta, Fetus, and Neonate: Diagnosis and Clinical Significance , 1992 .

[88]  M. Luckas,et al.  Amniotomy alone for induction of labour. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[89]  G. Sundell,et al.  Induction of labour: a randomised clinical trial of amniotomy versus amniotomy with oxytocin infusion , 1996, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[90]  L. Plante Mechanical ventilation in an obstetric population. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[91]  F. Arias,et al.  A Randomized Comparison Between Misoprostol and Dinoprostone for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction in Patients With Unfavorable Cervices , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[92]  Z. Alfirevic,et al.  Oral Misoprostol Administration for Labor Induction , 2006, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[93]  Rushton Di Prognostic role of the perinatal postmortem. , 1994 .

[94]  E. Ruokonen,et al.  Need for maternal critical care in obstetrics: a population-based analysis. , 2002, International journal of obstetric anesthesia.

[95]  C. Clavel,et al.  Human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for the detection of high-grade cervical lesions: a study of 7932 women , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[96]  W R Jarvis,et al.  Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. , 1999, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[97]  C. Ananth,et al.  Risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth: a population-based study. , 2007, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[98]  J J Deeks,et al.  Second-trimester ultrasound to detect fetuses with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. , 2001, JAMA.

[99]  G. Vooijs,et al.  Effect of population screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Nijmegen, The Netherlands. , 1986, Preventive medicine.

[100]  E. Ivers,et al.  Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock , 2001 .

[101]  Robert E. Fromm,et al.  Guidelines for the inter- and intrahospital transport of critically ill patients* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[102]  B. Mercer,et al.  Labor Induction With Continuous Low-Dose Oxytocin Infusion: A Randomized Trial , 1991, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[103]  B. Sibai,et al.  Treatment in an obstetric intensive care unitWilliam C. Mabie, MD, and Baha M. Sibai, MD , 1990 .

[104]  J. Pell,et al.  Previous preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and delivery of a small for gestational age infant and the risk of unexplained stillbirth in the second pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study, Scotland, 1992-2001. , 2006, American journal of epidemiology.

[105]  G. Orth,et al.  Human Papillomavirus Testing in Women With Mild Cytologic Atypia , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[106]  V. Barss,et al.  An intravaginal controlled-release prostaglandin E2 pessary for cervical ripening and initiation of labor at term. , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[107]  R. Berkowitz,et al.  An evaluation of two equations for predicting fetal weight by ultrasound. , 1982, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[108]  R. Herrero Epidemiology of cervical cancer. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.

[109]  C. Ananth,et al.  Placental abruption among singleton and twin births in the United States: risk factor profiles. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[110]  L. Bernstein,et al.  Effect of prophylactic antibiotics on morbidity associated with IUD insertion: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. IUD Study Group. , 1994, Contraception.

[111]  B. Stray-Pedersen,et al.  Risk factors for sudden intrauterine unexplained death: epidemiologic characteristics of singleton cases in Oslo, Norway, 1986-1995. , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[112]  S. Blackwell,et al.  Cervical Ripening With Transcervical Foley Catheter and the Risk of Uterine Rupture , 2004, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[113]  R. Wears,et al.  MISOPROSTOL FOR CERVICAL RIPENING AND LABOR INDUCTION: A META‐ANALYSIS , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[114]  W. Rutala,et al.  Comparison of Hospitalwide Surveillance and Targeted Intensive Care Unit Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[115]  A. Robinson,et al.  Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor , 1984 .

[116]  W. Spellacy,et al.  The umbilical cord complications of true knots, nuchal coils, and cords around the body. Report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. , 1966, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[117]  L. Irwig,et al.  Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications, and accuracy in liquid-based versus conventional cervical cytology: a systematic review , 2006, The Lancet.

[118]  D. Kalousek,et al.  Confined placental mosaicism and stillbirth. , 1994, Pediatric pathology.

[119]  O. Olatunbosun,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of outpatient versus inpatient labour induction with vaginal controlled-release prostaglandin-E2: effectiveness and satisfaction. , 2003, Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC.

[120]  D. Rouse,et al.  Criteria for Failed Labor Induction: Prospective Evaluation of a Standardized Protocol , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[121]  J. Dillner,et al.  Chapter 9: Clinical applications of HPV testing: a summary of meta-analyses. , 2006, Vaccine.

[122]  R. Fretts Etiology and prevention of stillbirth. , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[123]  S. Lapinsky,et al.  Critical care management of the obstetric patient , 1997 .

[124]  L. Cravello,et al.  Postoperative infection and surgical hysteroscopy. , 2002, Fertility and sterility.

[125]  A. Sedlis,et al.  Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: risk factors for persistence, recurrence, and invasion and its management. , 1997, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[126]  G. Flannelly,et al.  Rupture of the uterus in Dublin; an update , 1993 .

[127]  D. Luthy,et al.  Cesarean delivery after elective induction in nulliparous women: the physician effect. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[128]  M. Williams,et al.  Pre‐Induction Cervical Ripening: A Randomized Comparison of Two Methods , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[129]  R. L. Patrick,et al.  The current status of the Papanicolaou smear , 1995, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[130]  A. Moscicki,et al.  The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent and young women. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[131]  P. Ogburn,et al.  Misoprostol as a labor induction agent. , 1998, The Journal of maternal-fetal medicine.

[132]  S. G. Graham,et al.  The requirement for intensive care support for the pregnant population , 1989, Anaesthesia.

[133]  S. Soubra,et al.  Critical illness in pregnancy: An overview , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[134]  M. Dreyfus,et al.  Cytology and Colposcopy After Loop Electrosurgical Excision: Implications for Follow-up , 1998 .

[135]  R. Hiatt,et al.  Identifying women with cervical neoplasia: using human papillomavirus DNA testing for equivocal Papanicolaou results. , 1999, JAMA.

[136]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Effectiveness of cervical screening with age: population based case-control study of prospectively recorded data , 2009, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[137]  E. Sze,et al.  Endometrial ablation: a series of 568 patients treated over an 11-year period. , 1996, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[138]  M. Boyd,et al.  Obstetric admissions to the intensive care unit. , 1999, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[139]  R. Burk,et al.  Persistent genital human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for persistent cervical dysplasia. , 1995, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[140]  W. Ott Reevaluation of the relationship between amniotic fluid volume and perinatal outcome. , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[141]  F. Witter,et al.  Improved intravaginal controlled-release prostaglandin E2 insert for cervical ripening at term. The Prostaglandin E2 insert Study Group. , 1996, The Journal of maternal-fetal medicine.

[142]  A. Haverkamp,et al.  Short- and Long-Term Risks After Exposure to Diagnostic Ultrasound In Utero , 1984, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[143]  N. Thielman,et al.  Antibiotic-Associated Colitis , 2010 .

[144]  Shiliang Liu,et al.  Relationship of prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination to overall infant mortality in Canada. , 2002, JAMA.

[145]  J. Fowlkes,et al.  Conclusions Regarding Epidemiology for Obstetric Ultrasound , 2008, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[146]  Joakim Dillner,et al.  Long term predictive values of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: joint European cohort study , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[147]  D. Doherty,et al.  A Review of Idiopathic Hydramnios and Pregnancy Outcomes , 2007, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[148]  D. Mutch,et al.  Cervical Dysplasia in Adolescents , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[149]  Marc Arbyn,et al.  Liquid Compared With Conventional Cervical Cytology: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2008, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[150]  G. Hofmeyr,et al.  Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour , 2010 .

[151]  O. Idsøe,et al.  Nature and extent of penicillin side-reactions, with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock. , 1968, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[152]  D. Simeon,et al.  Intravaginal misoprostol as a cervical ripening agent , 1993, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[153]  M. Aronson,et al.  Avoiding serious infections associated with abdominal hysterectomy: a meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis. , 1993, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[154]  C. Qualls,et al.  A prospective randomized evaluation of a hygroscopic cervical dilator, Dilapan, in the preinduction ripening of patients undergoing induction of labor. , 1996, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[155]  P. Mckenna,et al.  The role of a high‐dependency unit in a regional obstetric hospital , 2000, Anaesthesia.

[156]  S. Walter,et al.  Diagnostic Catheterisation and Bacteriuria in Women with Urinary Incontinence , 1978 .

[157]  A. Vintzileos,et al.  The use of genetic sonography to reduce the need for amniocentesis in women at high-risk for Down syndrome. , 2003, Seminars in perinatology.

[158]  Adrian Grant,et al.  ROUTINE FORMAL FETAL MOVEMENT COUNTING AND RISK OF ANTEPARTUM LATE DEATH IN NORMALLY FORMED SINGLETONS , 1989, The Lancet.

[159]  R. Burk,et al.  Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women , 1998 .

[160]  D. Wing,et al.  A comparison of misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[161]  J. Hauth,et al.  Mid-Second-Trimester Labor Induction: Concentrated Oxytocin Compared With Prostaglandin E2 Vaginal Suppositories , 1991, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[162]  P. Blumenthal Randomized Trial of Dilapan and Laminaria as Cervical Ripening Agents Before Induction of Labor , 1990, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[163]  E. P. Dellinger,et al.  Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. Infectious Diseases Society of America. , 1994, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[164]  D. Merrill,et al.  Randomized, double-masked comparison of oxytocin dosage in induction and augmentation of labor. , 1999, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[165]  D. English,et al.  Assessing the relationship between maternal cocaine use and abruptio placentae. , 1997, Addiction.

[166]  C. W. Parker,et al.  Drug allergy (first of three parts). , 1975, The New England journal of medicine.

[167]  A. Moscicki,et al.  American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer , 2002, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[168]  D. Wing,et al.  A comparison of vaginally administered misoprostol with extra-amniotic saline solution infusion for cervical ripening and labor induction. , 2002, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[169]  Richard Taylor,et al.  Cervical screening: population‐based comparisons between self‐reported survey and registry‐derived Pap test rates , 2001, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[170]  Heather Langhan Medical Student,et al.  A study of treatment failures following large loop excision of the transformation zone for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , 2005 .

[171]  T. Rohan,et al.  Persistent human papillomavirus infection as a predictor of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. , 2001, JAMA.

[172]  J. Elliott,et al.  Fetal monitoring during emergency obstetric transport. , 1987, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[173]  D. Wing,et al.  Misoprostol: an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[174]  S. Broder From the National Institutes of Health. , 1992, JAMA.

[175]  L. Bernstein,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotics before insertion of intrauterine devices , 1998, The Lancet.

[176]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Overview of the European and North American studies on HPV testing in primary cervical cancer screening , 2006, International journal of cancer.

[177]  F. Pettersson,et al.  Invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix following diagnosis and treatment of in situ carcinoma. Record linkage study within a National Cancer Registry. , 1989, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[178]  E. Lukacz,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the effect of nitrofurantoin monohydrate macrocrystals on the development of urinary tract infections after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and/or stress urinary incontinence with suprapubic catheterization. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[179]  T. Weber,et al.  Induction of labour by balloon catheter with extra-amniotic saline infusion (BCEAS): a randomised comparison with PGE2 vaginal pessaries. , 1994, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[180]  J. Burke The effective period of preventive antibiotic action in experimental incisions and dermal lesions. , 1961, Surgery.

[181]  A. Moscicki,et al.  Regression of low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions in young women , 2004, The Lancet.

[182]  D. Taylor-Robinson,et al.  Pelvic inflammatory disease after hysterosalpingography associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis , 1984, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[183]  C. Woodman,et al.  Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study , 2001, The Lancet.

[184]  M. Lin,et al.  Transcervical Foley Catheter With and Without Extraamniotic Saline Infusion for Labor Induction: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[185]  K. Benirschke,et al.  Pathology of the Human Placenta , 1992, Springer New York.

[186]  M. Sherman,et al.  "ASCUS, rule out HSIL": cytologic features, histologic correlates, and human papillomavirus detection. , 1999, Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc.

[187]  R. Bahado-Singh,et al.  The mid-trimester genetic sonogram. , 2005, Seminars in perinatology.

[188]  D. Young,et al.  Meta-Analysis of Low-Dose versus High-Dose Oxytocin for Labour Induction , 1998 .

[189]  A. Macfarlane,et al.  Incidence of severe pre‐eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis as a surrogate marker for severe maternal morbidity in a European population‐based study: the MOMS‐B survey , 2005 .

[190]  David A. Miller,et al.  The modified biophysical profile: antepartum testing in the 1990s. , 1996, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[191]  A. Abuhamad,et al.  The Accreditation of Ultrasound Practices , 2004, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[192]  M. Hill,et al.  The Effect of Membrane Sweeping on Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2008, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[193]  R. O. Davis,et al.  Risk Factors for Fetal Death in White, Black, and Hispanic Women , 1994, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[194]  F. Gaudier,et al.  Labor Induction With Prostaglandin E1 Misoprostol Compared With Dinoprostone Vaginal Insert: A Randomized Trial , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[195]  S. Cnattingius,et al.  Maternal weight, pregnancy weight gain, and the risk of antepartum stillbirth. , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[196]  A. C. Wentz,et al.  Prevention of acute pelvic inflammatory disease after hysterosalpingography: efficacy of doxycycline prophylaxis. , 1983, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[197]  Effect of Prenatal Ultrasound Screening on Perinatal Outcome , 1993 .

[198]  J. Kavanagh,et al.  Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[199]  R. Park,et al.  Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Vaginal Hysterectomy: A Review , 1980, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[200]  Diane Soloman,et al.  The 1988 Bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: Developed and approved at the national cancer institute workshop in Bethesda, MD, December 12–13, 1988 , 1989, Diagnostic cytopathology.

[201]  D. Bratzler,et al.  Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[202]  N. Baena,et al.  Fetal and placenta chromosome constitution in 237 pregnancy losses. , 2001, Annales de genetique.

[203]  R. Caldeyro-barcia,et al.  Physiology Of The Uterine Contraction , 1960 .

[204]  B. Sibai,et al.  Efficacy of outpatient induction with low-dose intravaginal prostaglandin E2: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[205]  Diane Solomon,et al.  2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical cancer screening tests. , 2007, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[206]  Diane Solomon,et al.  2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or adenocarcinoma in situ. , 2007, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[207]  T. Byers,et al.  Prediction of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2–3 Using Risk Assessment and Human Papillomavirus Testing in Women With Atypia on Papanicolaou Smears , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[208]  Stephen D Walter,et al.  Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[209]  A Ohlsson,et al.  Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. TERMPROM Study Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[210]  M. Frydenberg,et al.  Prepregnancy Obesity and Fetal Death: A Study Within the Danish National Birth Cohort , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[211]  D. Wing,et al.  DISRUPTION OF PRIOR UTERINE INCISION FOLLOWING MISOPROSTOL FOR LABOR INDUCTION IN WOMEN WITH PREVIOUS CESAREAN DELIVERY , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[212]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. , 2004, JAMA.

[213]  T. Wright,et al.  Reflex human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing in women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears. , 1998, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[214]  E H BISHOP,et al.  Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction , 1964, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[215]  D Teres,et al.  Critical care delivery in the intensive care unit: Defining clinical roles and the best practice model , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[216]  T. Jenkins,et al.  Mechanical ventilation in an obstetric population: characteristics and delivery rates. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[217]  M. Schiffman Integration of human papillomavirus vaccination, cytology, and human papillomavirus testing , 2007, Cancer.

[218]  P. Sasieni,et al.  Long‐term risk of invasive cervical cancer after treatment of squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia , 2006, International journal of cancer.

[219]  J. Martin,et al.  Births : final data for 2006 , 2009 .

[220]  G. Wendel,et al.  A blueprint for obstetric critical care. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[221]  F. Bray,et al.  Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. , 2006, Vaccine.

[222]  D. Ayalon,et al.  Clinical Use of High Concentration Oxytocin Drip , 1971, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[223]  D. Ellwood,et al.  Cytogenetic Studies in Perinatal Death , 1990, The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology.

[224]  Daron G Ferris,et al.  Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[225]  M. Bots,et al.  Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: A prospective study in The Netherlands. , 2006, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[226]  C J L M Meijer,et al.  The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. , 2002, Journal of clinical pathology.

[227]  A. Morris,et al.  Clostridium difficile colitis: an increasingly aggressive iatrogenic disease? , 2002, Archives of surgery.

[228]  W. Rayburn,et al.  Elective Induction of Labor , 1964, Clinical obstetrics and gynecology.

[229]  M. Goldacre,et al.  Caesarean delivery and risk of stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study in an English population , 2007, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[230]  G. D'ottavio,et al.  Does cervical length at 13–15 weeks' gestation predict preterm delivery in an unselected population? , 2003, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[231]  D. Townsend,et al.  Tuboovarian abscesses after operative hysteroscopy. , 1993, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[232]  D. Wing,et al.  A comparison of intermittent vaginal administration of misoprostol with continuous dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labor induction. , 1997, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[233]  H. Grandjean,et al.  Sensitivity of Routine Ultrasound Screening of Pregnancies in the Eurofetus Database , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[234]  J. Martin,et al.  Births: final data for 2005. , 2007, National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.

[235]  H. Thaler,et al.  How accurate is fetal biometry in the assessment of fetal age? , 1998, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[236]  R. Fruchter,et al.  The Fallacy of the Screening Interval for Cervical Smears , 1990, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[237]  S. Cnattingius,et al.  Trends in smoking and overweight during pregnancy: prevalence, risks of pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. , 2002, Seminars in perinatology.

[238]  J. Peipert,et al.  Risk Factors for Febrile Morbidity After Hysterectomy , 2004, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[239]  N. Kiviat Natural history of cervical neoplasia: overview and update. , 1996, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[240]  M. Werler,et al.  Predictive value of minor anomalies. I. Association with major malformations. , 1987, Jornal de Pediatria.

[241]  Deqin Sun,et al.  Coexistence of low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix: morphologic progression or multiple papillomaviruses? , 1998, Gynecologic oncology.

[242]  Mark Sherman,et al.  The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. , 2002, JAMA.

[243]  J. Cuzick,et al.  Benefit of cervical screening at different ages: evidence from the UK audit of screening histories , 2003, British Journal of Cancer.

[244]  I. Kjellmer,et al.  The outcome of diabetic pregnancies in relation to the mother's blood sugar level. , 1972, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[245]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[246]  T. Jenkins,et al.  Transcervical Foley Catheter for Preinduction Cervical Ripening in an Outpatient Versus Inpatient Setting , 2001, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[247]  J. T. Cox,et al.  ASCCP Patient Management Guidelines: Pap Test Specimen Adequacy and Quality Indicators , 2002, Journal of lower genital tract disease.

[248]  M. Hallak,et al.  Ripening and dilatation of the unfavourable cervix for induction of labour by a double balloon device: experience with 250 cases , 1997, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[249]  K. Bove Practice guidelines for autopsy pathology: the perinatal and pediatric autopsy. Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists. , 1997, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[250]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  ANTIBIOTICS AT THE TIME OF INDUCED ABORTION: THE CASE FOR UNIVERSAL PROPHYLAXIS BASED ON A META‐ANALYSIS , 1996, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[251]  C. Ananth,et al.  Placental abruption in the United States, 1979 through 2001: temporal trends and potential determinants. , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[252]  R. Pauli,et al.  Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program: I. Establishment and assessment of a community-based program for etiologic investigation of intrauterine deaths. , 1994, American journal of medical genetics.

[253]  L. Sullivan,et al.  Labor induction in women with an unfavorable Bishop score: randomized controlled trial of intrauterine Foley catheter with concurrent oxytocin infusion versus Foley catheter with extra-amniotic saline infusion with concurrent oxytocin infusion. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[254]  N. Kiviat,et al.  Development and duration of human papillomavirus lesions, after initial infection. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[255]  C. Ananth,et al.  Risk of Stillbirth Following a Cesarean Delivery: Black-White Disparity , 2006, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[256]  M. Anwar,et al.  Oral or vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor , 1997, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[257]  W. Grobman,et al.  When Has an Induction Failed? , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[258]  A. Arria,et al.  Maternal Mortality During Hospital Admission for Delivery: A Retrospective Analysis Using a State-Maintained Database , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[259]  C. Spong,et al.  Prediction and prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[260]  Koss Lg Correspondence re: Sherman ME, Tabbara SO, Scott DR, Kurman RJ, Glass AG, Manos MM, et al. "Ascus, rule out HSIL": cytologic features, histologic correlates, and human papillomavirus detection. Mod Pathol 1999;12:335-42. , 2000 .

[261]  Steve N Caritis,et al.  Elective single-embryo transfer versus double-embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[262]  K. Blakemore,et al.  A prospective comparison of hourly and quarter‐hourly oxytocin dose increase intervals for the induction of labor at term , 1990, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[263]  A. Satin,et al.  High- Versus Low-Dose Oxytocin for Labor Stimulation , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[264]  B. Bromley,et al.  The Genetic Sonogram Scoring Index. , 2003, Seminars in perinatology.

[265]  N. Papantoniou,et al.  Misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy termination in women with prior caesarean section , 2005, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[266]  D. Hemsell Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic and obstetric surgery. , 1991, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[267]  M. Dawood,et al.  Induction of labor with pulsatile oxytocin. , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[268]  P. Bernstein Prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical ripening and labour induction: a multicentre placebo-controlled trial. , 1991, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[269]  S. Coughlin,et al.  Burden of cervical cancer in the United States, 1998–2003 , 2008, Cancer.

[270]  S. Laurent,et al.  A prospective randomized clinical trial comparing two oxytocin induction protocols. , 1992, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[271]  B. Khoshnood,et al.  Risk factors for fetal death in white, black, and Hispanic women. , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[272]  B. Brindley,et al.  Induction and augmentation of labor: basis and methods for current practice. , 1988, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[273]  J. Schmittdiel,et al.  Increased maternal age and the risk of fetal death. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[274]  S. Ramin,et al.  Randomized trial of preinduction cervical ripening: misoprostol vs oxytocin. , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[275]  Elizabeth R Unger,et al.  Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. , 2007, JAMA.

[276]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  Risk of cervical cancer associated with extending the interval between cervical-cancer screenings. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[277]  P. Lipsett,et al.  Does intraoperative blood loss affect antibiotic serum and tissue concentrations? , 1996, Archives of surgery.

[278]  S. Bottoms,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Laminaria Digitata for Preinduction Ripening of the Cervix , 1982, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[279]  W. Rayburn,et al.  Patterns of uterine activity after intravaginal prostaglandin E2 during preinduction cervical ripening. , 1991, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[280]  D. Maulik,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone vaginal insert for labor induction , 2003, The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.

[281]  S. Cnattingius,et al.  Previous Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Births and the Subsequent Risk of Stillbirth , 2004 .

[282]  M. Aronson,et al.  Use of Prophylactic Tinidazole to Avoid the Serious Infections Associated with Total Abdominal Hysterectomy , 1995, The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology.

[283]  A. J. Kelly,et al.  Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour. , 2008, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[284]  E. S. van den Akker,et al.  Bishop Score and Risk of Cesarean Delivery After Induction of Labor in Nulliparous Women , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[285]  L. Say,et al.  WHO systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality: the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (near miss) , 2004, Reproductive health.

[286]  N. Collop,et al.  Critical illness in pregnancy. An analysis of 20 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit. , 1993, Chest.

[287]  J. Edwards,et al.  National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Report, data summary for 2006, issued June 2007. , 2007, American journal of infection control.

[288]  I. Bukovsky,et al.  Ripening of the unfavorable cervix with extraamniotic catheter balloon: clinical experience and review. , 1996, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[289]  C. R. Pinto,et al.  Acquired and inherited thrombophilia in women with unexplained fetal losses. , 2002, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[290]  P. Ho,et al.  A prospective randomised comparison of sublingual and vaginal misoprostol in second trimester termination of pregnancy , 2004, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[291]  A. Holdcroft,et al.  Critically ill parturient women and admission to intensive care: a 5-year review. , 1996, International journal of obstetric anesthesia.

[292]  U. Reddy,et al.  Maternal age and the risk of stillbirth throughout pregnancy in the United States. , 2006, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[293]  David R. Scott,et al.  Baseline cytology, human papillomavirus testing, and risk for cervical neoplasia: a 10-year cohort analysis. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[294]  C. Rados FDA cautions against ultrasounds 'keepsake' images. , 2004, FDA consumer.

[295]  J. Bartlett Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. , 1992, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[296]  L. Vatten,et al.  Routine ultrasound fetal examination in pregnancy: the ‘Ålesund’ randomized controlled trial , 2000, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[297]  T. Wright,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of alternative triage strategies for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. , 2002, JAMA.

[298]  P. Ylöstalo,et al.  Fetal anomalies in a controlled one-stage ultrasound screening trial. A report from the Helsinki Ultrasound Trial , 1994, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[299]  C. Howard,et al.  Outcomes of pregnancy in insulin dependent diabetic women: results of a five year population cohort study , 1997, BMJ.

[300]  H. Ben‐Hur,et al.  CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF FETAL CHONDROCYTES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY , 1996, Prenatal diagnosis.

[301]  P. Larsson,et al.  Does pre- and postoperative metronidazole treatment lower vaginal cuff infection rate after abdominal hysterectomy among women with bacterial vaginosis? , 2002, Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology.

[302]  K. Schulz,et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. , 1999, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[303]  J Frederik Frøen,et al.  A kick from within – fetal movement counting and the cancelled progress in antenatal care , 2004, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[304]  M. Morgan,et al.  The impact of amniotic fluid volume assessed intrapartum on perinatal outcome. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[305]  Kelly D Peterson,et al.  National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. , 2008, American journal of infection control.

[306]  J. Dickinson Misoprostol for Second-Trimester Pregnancy Termination in Women With a Prior Cesarean Delivery , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[307]  G. Penney,et al.  Quantifying severe maternal morbidity: a Scottish population study , 2004, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[308]  N. Christou,et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery in morbidly obese patients. , 1989, Surgery.

[309]  J. Fortenberry,et al.  A longitudinal study of genital human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of closely followed adolescent women. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[310]  T. M. Wynn,et al.  Accuracy of women's self-report of their last Pap smear. , 1989, American journal of public health.

[311]  D M Eddy,et al.  The frequency of cervical cancer screening. Comparison of a mathematical model with empirical data , 1987, Cancer.

[312]  F. Gaudier,et al.  Labor Induction With Intravaginal Misoprostol in Term Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Randomized Study , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[313]  T. Murrells,et al.  A randomised controlled trial comparing low dose vaginal misoprostol and dinoprostone vaginal gel for inducing labour at term , 2005, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[314]  B. Calhoun,et al.  Influence of Gestational Age and Maternal Height on Fetal Femur Length Calculations , 2001, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[315]  M. Senat,et al.  Customized versus population-based birth weight standards for identifying growth restricted infants: a French multicenter study. , 2006, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[316]  S. Woolf,et al.  THE ACCURACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ROUTINE POPULATION SCREENING WITH MAMMOGRAPHY, PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, AND PRENATAL ULTRASOUND , 2001, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[317]  Determinants of Unexplained Antepartum Fetal Deaths , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[318]  J. V. van Roosmalen,et al.  Obstetric intensive care admissions: a 12-year review in a tertiary care centre. , 2006, European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

[319]  G. W. Theobald,et al.  Use of Post-pituitary Extract in Obstetrics , 1948 .

[320]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of Extending Cervical Cancer Screening Intervals Among Women With Prior Normal Pap Tests , 2006, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[321]  S. Ben Hamouda,et al.  [Severe maternal morbidity]. , 2007, Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction.

[322]  A. E. Claireaux,et al.  Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn : pathology, imaging, genetics and management , 1995 .

[323]  J. Berkhof,et al.  Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled implementation trial , 2007, The Lancet.

[324]  T. A. Mccarthy,et al.  Antibiotic prophylaxis after instrumentation for urodynamic testing. , 1983, British journal of urology.

[325]  Shalini L Kulasingam,et al.  Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. , 2002, JAMA.

[326]  Jimmy Espinoza,et al.  Three‐ and 4‐Dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetric Practice , 2005, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[327]  M. Cheang,et al.  In utero exposure to diagnostic ultrasound: a 6-year follow-up. , 1988, Radiology.

[328]  M. Kramer,et al.  The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. , 2000, JAMA.

[329]  E. Dasbach,et al.  Incidence and Duration of Cervical Human Papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, and 18 Infections in Young Women: An Evaluation from Multiple Analytic Perspectives , 2007, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[330]  H. Drutz,et al.  Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing bacteriuria after multichannel urodynamic investigations: a blind, randomized study in 124 female patients. , 1991, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[331]  L. Lipworth,et al.  Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[332]  D. Genest Estimating the Time of Death in Stillborn Fetuses: II. Histologic Evaluation of the Placenta; a Study of 71 Stillborns , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[333]  R. Holder,et al.  Systematic review: Vaginal vault smears after hysterectomy for reasons other than malignancy: a systematic review of the literature , 2006, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[334]  悟 谷村,et al.  Complications of Hysteroscopic Surgery , 2003 .

[335]  M. Kramer,et al.  Etilogic Determinants of Abruptio Placentae , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[336]  B. Afessa,et al.  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure, and outcome in critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU. , 2001, Chest.

[337]  D. Friedman,et al.  Relationship Between Antepartum Cocaine Abuse, Abnormal Umbilical Artery Doppler Velocimetry, and Placental Abruption , 1991, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[338]  J. Troendle,et al.  Labor Progression and Risk of Cesarean Delivery in Electively Induced Nulliparas , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[339]  P. Castle,et al.  Five-Year Experience of Human Papillomavirus DNA and Papanicolaou Test Cotesting , 2009, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[340]  R. Bump,et al.  Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[341]  M. Sherman,et al.  Qualification of ASCUS. A comparison of equivocal LSIL and equivocal HSIL cervical cytology in the ASCUS LSIL Triage Study. , 2001, American journal of clinical pathology.

[342]  A. Sprigg,et al.  A comparative study of routine versus selective fetal anomaly ultrasound scanning , 1998, Journal of medical screening.

[343]  K. Itani,et al.  Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.