Role of CXCL1 in tumorigenesis of melanoma

The CXC chemokine, CXCL1 (melanoma growth‐stimulatory activity/growth‐regulated protein α), plays a major role in inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing. Recently, chemokines have been extensively related to cellular transformation, tumor growth, homing, and metastasis. CXCL1 and its mouse homologue MIP‐2 have been shown to be involved in the process of tumor formation. When chemokines such as CXCL1 and CXCL8 (IL‐8) become disregulated so that they are chronically expressed, tissue damage, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis can follow. This up‐regulation of chemokines has been attributed to constitutive activation of NF‐κB. The constitutive NF‐κB activation is an emerging hallmark in various types of tumors including breast, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, as well as melanoma. Previous findings from our laboratory and other laboratories have demonstrated the role of endogenous activation of NF‐κB in association with enhanced metastatic potential of malignant melanoma cells and suggest that targeting NF‐κB may have potential therapeutic effects in clinical trials. An important step in this direction would be to delineate the important intracellular pathways and upstream kinases involved in up‐regulation of NF‐κB in melanoma cells. In this review, the signaling pathways involved in the disregulation of NF‐κB and chemokine expression are discussed.