3D-Printed Quasi-Absolute Electromagnetic Encoders for Chipless-RFID and Motion Control Applications

This paper presents electromagnetic encoders useful for chipless-RFID and motion control applications. The encoders consist in a pair of linear chains of rectangular apertures implemented by means of 3D printing. One of these chains is periodic and acts as a clock, whereas the other chain contains an identification (ID) code. With these two aperture chains, the ID code can be synchronously read, so that the relative velocity between the tag and the reader is irrelevant. Additionally, it is shown in the paper that by properly designing the reader, it is possible to determine the motion direction. The sensitive part of the reader is a microstrip line loaded with three complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) etched in the ground plane and fed by three harmonic signals. By encoder motion, the characteristics of the local medium surrounding the CSRRs are modified, and the harmonic signals are amplitude modulated (AM) at the output port of the line, thereby providing the clock signal (which gives the encoder velocity), the ID code (providing also the quasi-absolute position) and the direction of motion. A fabricated prototype encoder is characterized by reading it with a dedicated reader.

[1]  F. P. Chietera,et al.  Customizing 3D-Printing for Electromagnetics to Design Enhanced RFID Antennas , 2020, IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification.

[2]  Md. Aminul Islam,et al.  Orientation independent compact chipless RFID tag , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA).

[3]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Very low-cost 80-Bit chipless-RFID tags inkjet printed on ordinary paper , 2018 .

[4]  Chin-Lung Yang,et al.  Complementary Split-Ring Resonators for Measuring Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents , 2014, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[5]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Near-Field Chipless-RFID System With High Data Capacity for Security and Authentication Applications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[6]  A. Chamarti,et al.  Transmission Delay Line Based ID Generation Circuit for RFID Applications , 2006, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[7]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  All-dielectric Electromagnetic Encoders based on Permittivity Contrast for Displacement/Velocity Sensors and Chipless-RFID Tags , 2019, 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[8]  S. Tedjini,et al.  Design of Compact and Auto-Compensated Single-Layer Chipless RFID Tag , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[9]  Ferran Martin,et al.  Application of broadside-coupled split ring resonator (BC-SRR) loaded transmission lines to the design of rotary encoders for space applications , 2016, 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[10]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Microwave Encoders for Chipless RFID and Angular Velocity Sensors Based on S-Shaped Split Ring Resonators , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[11]  Byung-Il Kwon,et al.  Design of the Rotary Magnetic Position Sensor With the Sinusoidally Magnetized Permanent Magnet , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[12]  Christophe Fumeaux,et al.  Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors Based on Coplanar Waveguides (CPWs) Loaded with S-Shaped Split Ring Resonators (S-SRR) , 2015, Sensors.

[13]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  A CMOS smart rotary encoder using magnetic sensor arrays , 2003, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37498).

[14]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Application of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Loaded Transmission Lines to the Design of Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors for Space Applications , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[15]  I.D. Robertson,et al.  Capacitively-tuned split microstrip resonators for RFID barcodes , 2005, 2005 European Microwave Conference.

[16]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  High-Density Microwave Encoders for Motion Control and Near-Field Chipless-RFID , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[17]  Giorgio Montisci,et al.  Design of a Low-Cost Microstrip Directional Coupler with High Coupling for a Motion Detection Sensor , 2018 .

[18]  Javier Mata-Contreras,et al.  Estimation of the complex permittivity of liquids by means of complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded transmission lines , 2017, 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP).

[19]  José Juan Martínez-Martínez,et al.  A Contactless RFID System Based on Chipless MIW Tags , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[20]  Ferran Paredes,et al.  Printed Magnetoinductive-Wave (MIW) Delay Lines for Chipless RFID Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[21]  Hong Liu,et al.  A Method for Measurement of Absolute Angular Position and Application in a Novel Electromagnetic Encoder System , 2015, J. Sensors.

[22]  Chin-Lung Yang,et al.  Noncontact Measurement of Complex Permittivity and Thickness by Using Planar Resonators , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[23]  Derek Abbott,et al.  High-Sensitivity Metamaterial-Inspired Sensor for Microfluidic Dielectric Characterization , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[24]  Jan Machac,et al.  Chipless RFID Tag Based on Electrically Small Spiral Capacitively Loaded Dipole , 2017, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[25]  Christian Damm,et al.  Performance evaluation of left-handed delay lines for RFID backscatter applications , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[26]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Chipless-RFID Sensors for Motion Control Applications , 2020, 2020 XXXIIIrd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science.

[27]  S. Tedjini,et al.  Chipless RFID Tag Using Hybrid Coding Technique , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[28]  Liu Yiwei,et al.  Study of ultra-miniature giant magneto resistance sensor system based on 3D static magnetic analysis technique , 2009 .

[29]  L. Capitán-Vallvey,et al.  Fully 3D-Printed RFID Tags based on Printable Metallic Filament: Performance Comparison with other Fabrication Techniques , 2019, 2019 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC).

[30]  N.C. Karmakar,et al.  Design of Chipless RFID Tag for Operation on Flexible Laminates , 2010, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[31]  Nemai Chandra Karmakar,et al.  Chipless RFID: Bar Code of the Future , 2010, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[32]  Jan Machac,et al.  Platform Tolerant, High Encoding Capacity Dipole Array-Plate Chipless RFID Tags , 2019, IEEE Access.

[33]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  3-D-Printed High Data-Density Electromagnetic Encoders Based on Permittivity Contrast for Motion Control and Chipless-RFID , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[34]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Double-Stub Loaded Microstrip Line Reader for Very High Data Density Microwave Encoders , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[35]  Jan Machac,et al.  Improvement of RCS response of U-shaped strip-based chipless RFID tags , 2015, 2015 European Microwave Conference (EuMC).

[36]  Jong-Won Yu,et al.  Design of Low-Cost Chipless System Using Printable Chipless Tag With Electromagnetic Code , 2010, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[37]  Kyuwon Jeong,et al.  High-precision encoder using moire fringe and neural network , 2001, SPIE Optics East.

[38]  F. Costa,et al.  A Chipless RFID Based on Multiresonant High-Impedance Surfaces , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[39]  Javier Mata-Contreras,et al.  Analytical Method to Estimate the Complex Permittivity of Oil Samples , 2018, Sensors.

[40]  Fenglei Ni,et al.  A novel absolute angular position sensor based on electromagnetism , 2013 .

[41]  S. Tedjini,et al.  A Fully Printable Chipless RFID Tag With Detuning Correction Technique , 2012, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[42]  Nemai Chandra Karmakar,et al.  Compact Printable Chipless RFID Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[43]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  3D-Printed All-Dielectric Electromagnetic Encoders with Synchronous Reading for Measuring Displacements and Velocities , 2020, Sensors.

[44]  Karel Hoffmann,et al.  Scalar Method for Reading of Chipless RFID Tags Based on Limited Ground Plane Backed Dipole Resonator Array , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[45]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Enhancing the Per-Unit-Length Data Density in Near-Field Chipless-RFID Systems With Sequential Bit Reading , 2019, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[46]  Etienne Perret,et al.  Toward RCS Magnitude Level Coding for Chipless RFID , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[47]  Aravind Chamarti,et al.  Transmission line delay‐based radio frequency identification (RFID) tag , 2007 .

[48]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  An approach for Synchronous Reading of Near-Field Chipless-RFID Tags , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA).

[49]  I. Robertson,et al.  RF barcodes using multiple frequency bands , 2005, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005..

[50]  S. Krohns,et al.  Dielectric Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid , 2017 .

[51]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  High Data Density Near-Field Chipless-RFID Tags With Synchronous Reading , 2020, IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification.

[52]  Rolf Jakoby,et al.  Hybrid Time-Frequency Modulation Scheme for Chipless Wireless Identification and Sensing , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[53]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Near-field chipless RFID encoders with sequential bit reading and high data capacity , 2017, 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[54]  Siya Lozanova,et al.  Angular position device with 2D low-noise Hall microsensor , 2010 .

[55]  Ferran Martin,et al.  Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors Based on Electric-LC (ELC) Loaded Microstrip Lines , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[56]  Mouhaydine Tlemçani,et al.  A New RFID-Identification Strategy Applied to the Marble Extraction Industry , 2021 .

[57]  Nemai Chandra Karmakar,et al.  Chipless RFID tags and sensors: a review on time-domain techniques , 2015 .

[58]  Andrea Melis,et al.  A Wireless Sensors Network for Monitoring the Carasau Bread Manufacturing Process , 2019 .

[59]  Nemai Chandra Karmakar,et al.  Real-World Implementation Challenges of a Novel Dual-Polarized Compact Printable Chipless RFID Tag , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[60]  B. Braaten,et al.  Conductive Electrifi and Nonconductive NinjaFlex Filaments based Flexible Microstrip Antenna for Changing Conformal Surface Applications , 2021, Electronics.

[61]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Chipless-RFID: A Review and Recent Developments , 2019, Sensors.

[62]  F. Martín,et al.  Synchronism and Direction Detection in High-Resolution/High-Density Electromagnetic Encoders , 2021, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[63]  Emil M. Petriu,et al.  Reconsidering natural binary encoding for absolute position measurement application , 1989 .

[64]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Time-Domain-Signature Chipless RFID Tags: Near-Field Chipless-RFID Systems With High Data Capacity , 2019, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[65]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Detecting the Rotation Direction in Contactless Angular Velocity Sensors Implemented With Rotors Loaded With Multiple Chains of Resonators , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[66]  N.C. Karmakar,et al.  Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID System for Low-Cost Item Tracking , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[68]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Near-Field Chipless-RFID System With Erasable/Programmable 40-bit Tags Inkjet Printed on Paper Substrates , 2018, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[69]  Omar M. Ramahi,et al.  Material Characterization Using Complementary Split-Ring Resonators , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[70]  M. A. Islam,et al.  A Novel Compact Printable Dual-Polarized Chipless RFID System , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[71]  Cristian Herrojo,et al.  Microwave Encoders with Synchronous Reading and Direction Detection for Motion Control Applications , 2020, 2020 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS).

[72]  Xin Li,et al.  Bias-tunable dual-mode ultraviolet photodetectors for photoelectric tachometer , 2014 .

[73]  J. Macháč,et al.  Chipless RFID Tag With Enhanced RCS Used as a Phthalocyanine-Based Solvent Vapors Sensor , 2020, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[74]  Jae Wook Jeon,et al.  An Efficient Approach to Correct the Signals and Generate High-Resolution Quadrature Pulses for Magnetic Encoders , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[75]  Ferran Martin,et al.  Transmission Lines Loaded With Bisymmetric Resonators and Their Application to Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[76]  L. Catarinucci,et al.  Analysis of FDM and DLP 3D-Printing Technologies to Prototype Electromagnetic Devices for RFID Applications † , 2021, Sensors.

[77]  Hiroyuki Wakiwaka,et al.  Consideration of magnetization and detection on magnetic rotary encoder using finite element method , 1997 .