Precipitation and Coprecipitation

The sections in this article are Introduction General Principles Governing Precipitation from Solutions Physico-Chemical Considerations Chemical Considerations Process Considerations Influencing the Properties of the Final Product Influence of Raw Materials Influence of Concentration and Composition Solvent Effects Influence of Temperature Influence of pH Influence of Aging Influence of Additives Prototypical Examples of Precipitated Catalysts and Supports Silica as Support Material Active Aluminas Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts by Coprecipitation V/P/O Catalysts for Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride Conclusions Keywords: precipitation; coprecipitation; olation; oxolation; aging; additives; pH; temperature

[1]  X. Krokidis,et al.  Chapter 4.7.2. Alumina , 2008 .

[2]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Nanocrystalline mesoporous gamma-alumina powders "UPMC1 material" gathers thermal and chemical stability with high surface area , 2006 .

[3]  G. Zohuri,et al.  Morphological study of spherical MgCl2.nEtOH supported TiCl4 Ziegler-Natta catalyst for polymerization of ethylene , 2006 .

[4]  F. Cavani,et al.  VPO catalyst for n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride: A goal achieved, or a still open challenge? , 2006 .

[5]  R. Palkovits,et al.  Reverse micelle-mediated synthesis of zirconia with enhanced surface area using alcothermal treatment , 2006 .

[6]  M. Claeys,et al.  Experimental approaches to the preparation of supported metal nanoparticles , 2006 .

[7]  C. Catlow,et al.  Simulation of the embryonic stage of ZnS formation from aqueous solution. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  Daan Frenkel,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Crystal Nucleation in Colloids , 2005 .

[9]  G. Cheng,et al.  On the oxidative coupling of methane with carbon dioxide over CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts , 2004 .

[10]  H. Saalfeld,et al.  Zur Struktur von Nordstrandit Al(OH)3 , 2004, Naturwissenschaften.

[11]  R. Schlögl,et al.  Continuous coprecipitation of catalysts in a micromixer: nanostructured Cu/ZnO composite for the synthesis of methanol. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[12]  D. Su,et al.  In Situ Surface Analysis in Selective Oxidation Catalysis: n-Butane Conversion Over VPP , 2003 .

[13]  J. Grunwaldt,et al.  High-throughput screening under demanding conditions: Cu/ZnO catalysts in high pressure methanol synthesis as an example , 2003 .

[14]  R. Schlögl,et al.  Relations between synthesis and microstructural properties of copper/zinc hydroxycarbonates. , 2003, Chemistry.

[15]  J. Rieger,et al.  Early stages of particle formation in precipitation reactions-quinacridone and boehmite as generic examples. , 2003, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[16]  Kunio Suzuki,et al.  Dry reforming of methane over catalysts derived from nickel-containing Mg-Al layered double hydroxides , 2003 .

[17]  M. Aramendía,et al.  Microemulsion-assisted synthesis of catalysts based on aluminium and magnesium phosphates , 2002 .

[18]  M. Kishida,et al.  Catalytic properties of Fe/SiO2 catalysts prepared using microemulsion for CO hydrogenation , 2002 .

[19]  Q. Xue,et al.  Study on tribological properties of oleic acid-modified TiO2 nanoparticle in water , 2002 .

[20]  J. Rieger,et al.  Organic Nanoparticles in the Aqueous Phase-Theory, Experiment, and Use. , 2001, Angewandte Chemie.

[21]  M. Lindén,et al.  Techniques for analyzing the early stages of crystallization reactions , 2001 .

[22]  Ferdi Schüth,et al.  Non-siliceous Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials† , 2001 .

[23]  J. Benziger,et al.  In situ studies of atomic, nano- and macroscale order during VOHPO4·0.5H2O transformation to (VO)2P2O7 , 2001 .

[24]  Xuefeng Guo,et al.  A Good Performance VPO Catalyst for Partial Oxidation of n-Butane to Maleic Anhydride , 2001 .

[25]  Andrew Schofield,et al.  Real-Space Imaging of Nucleation and Growth in Colloidal Crystallization , 2001, Science.

[26]  A. Bliek,et al.  Impact of Calcination Conditions on the Structure of Alumina-Supported Nickel Particles , 2001 .

[27]  J. M. Webster,et al.  Amorphous vanadium phosphate catalysts from supercritical antisolvent precipitation , 2001 .

[28]  R. Schlögl,et al.  Implication of the microstructure of binary Cu/ZnO catalysts for their catalytic activity in methanol synthesis , 2001 .

[29]  A. Bell,et al.  The effects of synthesis and pretreatment conditions on the bulk structure and surface properties of zirconia , 2000 .

[30]  G. Chuah,et al.  High surface area zirconia by digestion of zirconium propoxide at different pH , 2000 .

[31]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Interaction of κ-Carrageenan with Nickel, Cobalt, and Iron hydroxides. , 2000 .

[32]  M. Lindén,et al.  Phase Behavior and Wall Formation in Zr(SO4)2/CTABr and TiOSO4/CTABr Mesophases , 1999 .

[33]  E. Reverchon SUPERCRITICAL ANTISOLVENT PRECIPITATION OF MICRO- AND NANO-PARTICLES , 1999 .

[34]  G. Chuah An investigation into the preparation of high surface area zirconia , 1999 .

[35]  A. Neimark,et al.  Pore Size Analysis of MCM-41 Type Adsorbents by Means of Nitrogen and Argon Adsorption. , 1998, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[36]  F. Schüth,et al.  Influence of Crystallite Size on the Properties of Zirconia , 1998 .

[37]  M. Lindén,et al.  In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Initial Stages of Formation of MCM-41 in a Tubular Reactor. , 1998, Angewandte Chemie.

[38]  F. Schüth,et al.  Synthesis of catalytically active high surface area monoclinic sulfated zirconia , 1998 .

[39]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Application of large pore MCM-41 molecular sieves to improve pore size analysis using nitrogen adsorption measurements , 1997 .

[40]  E. Giannelis,et al.  In Situ Microstructural Control of Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/NiAl2O4 Composites from Layered Double Hydroxides , 1997 .

[41]  Jian Li,et al.  Characterization of precursors of methanol synthesis catalysts, copper/zinc/aluminum oxides, precipitated at different pHs and temperatures , 1996 .

[42]  Dinesh O. Shah,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Microemulsion-Mediated Nanophase TiO2 Particles , 1995 .

[43]  P. Ayyub,et al.  Preparation of nanoparticles of silver halides, superconductors and magnetic materials using water-in-oil microemulsions as nano-reactors , 1995 .

[44]  R. A. Hadden,et al.  Relationship between the copper surface area and the activity of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 water-gas shift catalysts , 1995 .

[45]  P. Llewellyn,et al.  Effect of pore size on adsorbate condensation and hysteresis within a potential model adsorbent: M41S , 1994 .

[46]  R. Lamber,et al.  On the Microstructure of the Coprecipitated Ni-Al2O3 Catalysts , 1994 .

[47]  A. Zukal,et al.  Supported nickel catalyst from hydroxycarbonate of nickel and aluminium , 1994 .

[48]  K. Sing,et al.  Physisorption of argon, nitrogen and oxygen by MCM-41, a model mesoporous adsorbent , 1994 .

[49]  Q. Huo,et al.  Cooperative Formation of Inorganic-Organic Interfaces in the Synthesis of Silicate Mesostructures , 1993, Science.

[50]  J. Zieliński Effect of alumina on the reduction of surface nickel oxide; morphology of the surfaces of the surfaces of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts , 1993 .

[51]  L. Cornaglia,et al.  Chemistry of vanadium-phosphorus oxide catalyst preparation , 1993 .

[52]  J. Zieliński Morphology of coprecipitated nickel/alumina catalysts with low alumina content , 1993 .

[53]  G. Centi Vanadyl Pyrophosphate - A Critical Overview , 1993 .

[54]  A. Lycourghiotis,et al.  Unsupported molybdena catalysts: precipitation, characterization and catalytic activity , 1993 .

[55]  K. Sing,et al.  Physisorption of nitrogen and oxygen by MCM-41, a model mesoporous adsorbent , 1993 .

[56]  A. Zukal,et al.  Unusual type of adsorption isotherm describing capillary condensation without hysteresis , 1993 .

[57]  S. Fujita,et al.  Preparation of precursors for the Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts by coprecipitation methods: Effects of the preparation conditions upon the structures of the precursors , 1992 .

[58]  J. S. Beck,et al.  Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism , 1992, Nature.

[59]  M. Boudart,et al.  Preparation of solid catalysts: an appraisal , 1992 .

[60]  Fabrizio Cavani,et al.  Hydrotalcite-type anionic clays: Preparation, properties and applications. , 1991 .

[61]  R. Thompson,et al.  Analysis of the formation of monodisperse populations by homogeneous nucleation , 1991 .

[62]  C. Zukoski,et al.  Uniform Silica Particle Precipitation : An Aggregative Growth Model , 1991 .

[63]  A. Mersmann,et al.  Feststoffbildung durch Kristallisation und Fällung , 1990 .

[64]  T. Kawaguchi,et al.  Spherical silica gels precipitated from acid catalyzed TEOS solutions , 1990 .

[65]  R. Herman,et al.  Methanol synthesis catalysts based on cesium/copper/zinc oxide/metal oxide (metal = aluminum, chromium, gallium): genesis from coprecipitated hydrotalcite-like precursors, solid-state chemistry, morphology, and stability , 1989 .

[66]  P. Peshev,et al.  Preparation of high-dispersity MCo2O4 (M = Mg, Ni, Zn) spinels by thermal dissociation of coprecipitated oxalates , 1989 .

[67]  D. Luna,et al.  Influence of the starting aluminum salt on the surface and acid properties of AlPO4 catalysts precipitated with ammonium hydroxide , 1988 .

[68]  A. Sleight,et al.  VPO catalysts for oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride , 1988 .

[69]  G. Moretti,et al.  Structural characterization of malachite-like coprecipitated precursors of binary CuOZnO catalysts , 1988 .

[70]  P. Kantarao,et al.  Characterization of copper/alumina catalysts prepared by deposition—precipitation using urea hydrolysis : I. Nitrous Oxide Decomposition and Reaction of Ethanol , 1988 .

[71]  J. C. Burnett,et al.  Commercial production of maleic anhydride by catalytic processes using fixed bed reactors , 1987 .

[72]  A. Sleight,et al.  Maleic anhydride from C-4 feedstocks using fluidized bed reactors , 1987 .

[73]  C. Bronnimann,et al.  The structure of coprecipitated aluminophosphate catalyst supports , 1986 .

[74]  D. J. Fauth,et al.  The role of pH in the performance of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts , 1986 .

[75]  B. P. Reddy,et al.  Preparation of catalytically active γ-Al2O3 from a basic aluminium succinate precursor precipitated from homogeneous solution , 1986 .

[76]  Y. Nitta,et al.  Preparation chemistry of precipitated NiSiO2 catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenation , 1985 .

[77]  H. Billiet,et al.  On the use of alumina in HPLC with aqueous mobile phases at extreme pH , 1983 .

[78]  C. Windsor,et al.  Paracrystallinity in a coprecipitated nickel/alumina catalyst , 1982 .

[79]  E. Matijević,et al.  Monodispersed metal (hydrous) oxides - a fascinating field of colloid science , 1981 .

[80]  L. L. V. Reijen,et al.  Coprecipitated nickel–alumina catalysts for methanation at high temperature. Part 2.—Variation of total and metallic areas as a function of sample composition and method of pretreatment , 1981 .

[81]  L. L. V. Reijen,et al.  Coprecipitated nickel–alumina catalysts for methanation at high temperature. Part 1.—Chemical composition and structure of the precipitates , 1981 .

[82]  E. Matijević Preparation and properties of monodispersed colloidal metal hydrous oxides , 1978 .

[83]  P. Ratnasamy,et al.  Catalytic Aluminas: Surface Models and Characterization of Surface Sites , 1978 .

[84]  F. Trifiró,et al.  Relationship between structure and activity of mixed oxides as oxidation catalysts: I. Preparation and solid state reactions of Bi-molybdates☆ , 1972 .

[85]  J. Boer,et al.  Study of phase transformations during calcination of aluminum hydroxides by selected area electron diffraction , 1964 .

[86]  A. Clearfield,et al.  Crystalline Hydrous Zirconia , 1964 .

[87]  D. S. Montgomery,et al.  The control of the pore volume and pore size distribution in alumina and silica gels by the addition of water soluble organic polymers , 1962 .

[88]  M. A. Larson,et al.  Transient and steady state size distributions in continuous mixed suspension crystallizers , 1962 .

[89]  R. Burwell,et al.  REACTIONS BETWEEN HYDROCARBONS AND DEUTERIUM ON CHROMIUM OXIDE GEL. II. ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE OF ALKANES , 1960 .

[90]  V. Lamer,et al.  Theory, Production and Mechanism of Formation of Monodispersed Hydrosols , 1950 .

[91]  N. Zelinsky,et al.  Über die katalytischen Wirkungen des nickelierten Tonerde‐Hydrats , 1924 .