Endothelial function in cardiovascular medicine: a consensus paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Groups on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation, and Thrombosis

Endothelial cells (ECs) are sentinels of cardiovascular health. Their function is reduced by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and is regained once pathological stimuli are removed. In this European Society for Cardiology Position Paper, we describe endothelial dysfunction as a spectrum of phenotypic states and advocate further studies to determine the role of EC subtypes in cardiovascular disease. We conclude that there is no single ideal method for measurement of endothelial function. Techniques to measure coronary epicardial and micro-vascular function * Corresponding author. Tel: þ44 114 2159525, E-mail: paul.evans@sheffield.ac.uk † These authors contributed equally to the study. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. VC The Author(s) 2020. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. Cardiovascular Research (2021) 117, 29–42 REVIEW doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa085

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