Viruses as Transneuronal Tracers for Defining Neural Circuits

Live viruses can be used as tools to label chains of neurons and thus to define functionally connected CNS circuits. This review summarizes the background and general principles involved in using the viral tracing technology. An attenuated form of a pig herpes virus, known as the Bartha's K strain of pseudorabies virus, has proven to be a useful type of virus for the analysis of CNS systems in the rat. The properties of this virus and the evidence for its specificity in causing trans-synaptic infections is discussed.

[1]  P. Sawchenko,et al.  A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[2]  L. Enquist,et al.  Neurovirulence of pseudorabies virus. , 1995, Critical reviews in neurobiology.

[3]  R. Bravo,et al.  Specific temporal and spatial distribution of JUN, FOS, and KROX‐24 proteins in spinal neurons following noxious transsynaptic stimulation , 1991, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[4]  A. Kwong,et al.  The herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function , 1988, Journal of virology.

[5]  A. Loewy,et al.  Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response , 1995, Science.

[6]  J. Weil-Fugazza,et al.  Hindbrain structures involved in pain processing as revealed by the expression of c-Fos and other immediate early gene proteins , 1994, Neuroscience.

[7]  T. Hökfelt,et al.  Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  P. D. Olivo,et al.  Infection of sympathetic and sensory neurones with herpes simplex virus does not elicit a shut-off of cellular protein synthesis: implications for viral latency and herpes vectors , 1994, Neurobiology of Disease.

[9]  A. Loewy,et al.  CNS cell groups regulating the sympathetic outflow to adrenal gland as revealed by transneuronal cell body labelling with pseudorabies virus , 1989, Brain Research.

[10]  S. Wesselingh,et al.  Herpes Simplex Virus induces Fos expression in rat brainstem neurons , 1995, Brain Research.

[11]  S. Deshmane,et al.  Induction of cellular transcription factors in trigeminal ganglia of mice by corneal scarification, herpes simplex virus type 1 infection, and explantation of trigeminal ganglia , 1991, Journal of virology.

[12]  R. Faull,et al.  The use of c-fos as a metabolic marker in neuronal pathway tracing , 1989, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[13]  K. Kristensson,et al.  SELECTIVE INFECTIONS OF OLFACTORY AND RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM BY VESICULAR STOMATITIS AND SENDAI VIRUSES , 1987, Neuropathology and applied neurobiology.

[14]  G. Ugolini.  Transneuronal Tracing with Alpha-herpesviruses: A Review of the Methodology , 1995 .

[15]  J. Card,et al.  Spatiotemporal responses of astrocytes, ramified microglia, and brain macrophages to central neuronal infection with pseudorabies virus , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[16]  H. Kuypers,et al.  Retrograde transneuronal transfer of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from motoneurones , 1987, Brain Research.

[17]  A. Flamand,et al.  Invasion of the peripheral nervous systems of adult mice by the CVS strain of rabies virus and its avirulent derivative AvO1 , 1989, Journal of virology.

[18]  A. Loewy,et al.  Transneuronal labeling of CNS neuropeptide and monoamine neurons after pseudorabies virus injections into the stellate ganglion , 1995, Brain Research.

[19]  S. Wesselingh,et al.  Transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus from the cervical vagus to brain neurons with axonal inputs to central vagal sensory nuclei in the rat , 1991, Neuroscience.

[20]  A. Loewy,et al.  Transneuronal labeling of spinal interneurons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons after pseudorabies virus injections in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle , 1992, Brain Research.

[21]  A. Grace,et al.  Interconnected Parallel Circuits between Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Thalamus Revealed by Retrograde Transynaptic Transport of Pseudorabies Virus , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  S. Perlman,et al.  Two neurotropic viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse hepatitis virus, spread along different neural pathways from the main olfactory bulb , 1993, Neuroscience.

[23]  P. Strick,et al.  Direction of transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus 1 in the primate motor system is strain-dependent. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  A. Sabin.  Progression of Different Nasally Instilled Viruses along Different Nervous Pathways in the Same Host , 1938 .

[25]  A. Loewy,et al.  Specificity of pseudorabies virus as a retrograde marker of sympathetic preganglionic neurons: implications for transneuronal labeling studies , 1993, Brain Research.

[26]  A. Loewy,et al.  β-galactosidase expressing recombinant pseudorabies virus for light and electron microscopic study of transneuronally labeled CNS neurons , 1991, Brain Research.

[27]  W. Blessing,et al.  Projections from rabbit caudal medulla to C1 and A5 sympathetic premotor neurons, demonstrated with phaseolus leucoagglutinin and herpes simplex virus , 1992, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[28]  A. Loewy.  Pseudorabies Virus: A Transneuronal Tracer for Neuroanatomical Studies , 1995 .

[29]  Xavier Martin,et al.  Neuronal and transneuronal tracing in the trigeminal system of the rat using the herpes virus suis , 1983, Brain Research.

[30]  A. Loewy,et al.  A general pattern of CNS innervation of the sympathetic outflow demonstrated by transneuronal pseudorabies viral infections , 1989, Brain Research.

[31]  G. Rakhorst,et al.  Transneuronal viral labelling of rat heart left ventricle controlling pathways. , 1993, Neuroreport.

[32]  E. Bullitt.  Expression of C‐fos‐like protein as a marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation in the rat , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[33]  T. Curran,et al.  Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun. , 1991, Annual review of neuroscience.

[34]  G. Ugolini,et al.  Propagation of pseudorabies virus in the nervous system of the mouse after intranasal inoculation. , 1994, Virology.

[35]  A. Strack,et al.  Pseudorabies virus: a highly specific transneuronal cell body marker in the sympathetic nervous system , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.