Biological Ageing: Azbel Phenomenology and Simple simulations: Introduction - Gompertz-Azbel Phenomenology - Monte Carlo Simulations with Few Ages - The Bit-String Penna Model: The Asexual Version - Important Remarks - Applications of the Asexual Penna Model - Comparison of the Penna Model and the Azbel theory - The Sexual Version of the Penna Model - Analytical Approaches - DNA, Money and War: Immunology, DNA, and the Heartbeats: Immunological Cellular Automata - Walks on DNA - Heartbeats and Leaky Faucets - Evolution of Bird Songs Microscopic Market Simulations: Stock Market Model of Levy, Levy and Solomon - Other Market Models - Political Theories of Galam and Others: Social models - World War II - Summary Appendices: Statistical Physics - Programs for Biological Ageing - Mutational Meltdown References Programs: Asexual Penna ageing model - Sexual Penna ageing model - Mutational meltdown