The paradox of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation by nicotine.

Abstract Chronic exposure to agonist (or conditions that increase the synaptic concentration of the natural transmitter, such as blockade of inactivation mechanisms) results in a downregulation of the target receptor. Conversely, chronic exposure to antagonist (or conditions that decrease the synaptic concentration of transmitter, including denervation) produces an upregulation of receptors.

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