Tissue engineering of bone

Despite well-established bone-grafting techniques, large bone defects still represent a challenge for orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons. Efforts have therefore been made to develop osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenic bone-replacement systems. According to its original definition, tissue engineering is an 'interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function'. It is based on the understanding of tissue formation and regeneration, and aims to grow new functional tissues rather than to build new spare parts. This review focuses on the principles of tissue engineering applied to the creation of bioartificial bone tissue. Important aspects, such as osteogenic cells, matrix materials, inter- and intra-cellular communication, growth factors, gene therapy and current concepts of bone tissue engineering are reviewed. First clinical applications are discussed. An outlook provides insight into the possible future perspectives of bone tissue engineering.

[1]  A. Nakamura,et al.  In vivo electroporation: a powerful and convenient means of nonviral gene transfer to tissues of living animals (Review). , 1998, International journal of molecular medicine.

[2]  J. L. Russell,et al.  Grafton demineralized bone matrix: performance consistency, utility, and value. , 2000, Tissue engineering.

[3]  C. Friedman,et al.  Experimental hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty. , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[4]  A. Atala.  Tissue engineering in urologic surgery. , 1998, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[5]  L. Avioli,et al.  Characterization of osteoblast-like cells from normal adult rat femoral trabecular bone , 2004, Calcified Tissue International.

[6]  H. Uludaǧ,et al.  Establishing an Immortalized Human Osteoprecursor Cell Line: OPC1 , 1999, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[7]  J. Lane,et al.  Current understanding of osteoconduction in bone regeneration. , 1998, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[8]  P. Devane,et al.  Donor site morbidity in the iliac crest bone graft. , 1999, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[9]  C. M. Agrawal,et al.  Fundamentals of biomechanics in tissue engineering of bone. , 2000, Tissue engineering.

[10]  Jeffrey Bonadio,et al.  Localized, direct plasmid gene delivery in vivo: prolonged therapy results in reproducible tissue regeneration , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[11]  S. Kadiyala,et al.  What is This? Downloaded from , 2001 .

[12]  J. Lefaivre,et al.  Resorption kinetics of osseous substitute: natural coral and synthetic hydroxyapatite. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[13]  J. Lee,et al.  Ex Vivo Gene Therapy to Produce Bone Using Different Cell Types , 2000, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[14]  V. Hentz,et al.  Tissue engineering for reconstruction of the thumb. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  M J Yaszemski,et al.  Polymer concepts in tissue engineering. , 1998, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[16]  S. Bruder,et al.  Growth kinetics, self‐renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation , 1997, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[17]  T. Billiar,et al.  Gene therapy and tissue engineering. , 1999, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[18]  J O Hollinger,et al.  Biodegradable bone repair materials. Synthetic polymers and ceramics. , 1986, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[19]  G. Hotz,et al.  Bone substitute with osteoinductive biomaterials--current and future clinical applications. , 1994, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[20]  M J Glimcher,et al.  Bone biology. II: Formation, form, modeling, remodeling, and regulation of cell function. , 1996, Instructional course lectures.

[21]  J. Vacanti,et al.  Tissue engineering : Frontiers in biotechnology , 1993 .

[22]  D E Ingber,et al.  Preparation of poly(glycolic acid) bonded fiber structures for cell attachment and transplantation. , 1993, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[23]  M Dujovny,et al.  Computer-aided manufacturing of implants for the repair of large cranial defects: an improvement of the stereolithography technique. , 1999, Neurological research.

[24]  D. Schaefer,et al.  Proliferation of Human Osteoblastic Cells and Synthesis of Extracellular Bone Matrix on Biomaterials , 1998 .

[25]  R. Horch,et al.  Biological Matrices and Tissue Reconstruction , 1998, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[26]  J. Seiler,et al.  Iliac crest autogenous bone grafting: donor site complications. , 2000, Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association.

[27]  A. Reddi,et al.  Morphogenesis and tissue engineering of bone and cartilage: inductive signals, stem cells, and biomimetic biomaterials. , 2000, Tissue engineering.

[28]  J. Gamble,et al.  Lumen formation during angiogenesis in vitro involves phagocytic activity, formation and secretion of vacuoles, cell death, and capillary tube remodelling by different populations of endothelial cells , 1997, The Anatomical record.

[29]  A. Friedenstein,et al.  Factors required for bone marrow stromal fibroblast colony formation in vitro , 1997, British journal of haematology.

[30]  A I Caplan,et al.  Stem cell technology and bioceramics: from cell to gene engineering. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[31]  R. Malekzadeh,et al.  Isolation of human osteoblast-like cells and in vitro amplification for tissue engineering. , 1998, Journal of periodontology.

[32]  Yilin Cao,et al.  Comparative study of the use of poly(glycolic acid), calcium alginate and pluronics in the engineering of autologous porcine cartilage. , 1998, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[33]  C. Klemt,et al.  Tissue Engineered Cartilage with Cultured Chondrocytes and a Collagen Sponge Matrix , 1998 .

[34]  R. Hata.  WHERE AM I? HOW A CELL RECOGNIZES ITS POSITIONAL INFORMATION DURING MORPHOGENESIS , 1996, Cell biology international.

[35]  J. Gugenheim.  The Ilizarov method. Orthopedic and soft tissue applications. , 1998, Clinics in plastic surgery.

[36]  M. Pittenger,et al.  Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. , 1999, Science.

[37]  E. Ehlers,et al.  Characteristics of human chondrocytes, osteoblasts and fibroblasts seeded onto a type I/III collagen sponge under different culture conditions. A light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy study. , 2000, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[38]  R. Terkeltaub,et al.  High-efficiency non-viral transfection of primary chondrocytes and perichondrial cells for ex-vivo gene therapy to repair articular cartilage defects. , 2001, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[39]  R. A. Forster,et al.  Alternatives to Autogenous Bone Graft: Efficacy and Indications , 1995, The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

[40]  R Langer,et al.  Laminated three-dimensional biodegradable foams for use in tissue engineering. , 1993, Biomaterials.

[41]  Ostrove Jm.  Safety testing programs for gene therapy viral vectors. , 1994 .

[42]  J. Bonadio.  Tissue engineering via local gene delivery , 2000, Journal of Molecular Medicine.

[43]  D. Benayahu,et al.  Single‐Colony Derived Strains of Human Marrow Stromal Fibroblasts Form Bone After Transplantation In Vivo , 1997, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[44]  C Perka,et al.  Segmental bone repair by tissue-engineered periosteal cell transplants with bioresorbable fleece and fibrin scaffolds in rabbits. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[45]  J. Hollinger,et al.  Tissue Engineering of Bone in the Craniofacial Complex , 1999, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[46]  K. Satomura,et al.  Osteogenesis by human osteoblastic cells in diffusion chamber In vivo , 1995, Calcified Tissue International.

[47]  L. Bonassar,et al.  Replacement of an avulsed phalanx with tissue-engineered bone. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  K. Satomura,et al.  Pedicled bone flap formation using transplanted bone marrow stromal cells. , 2001, Archives of surgery.

[49]  G. Stein,et al.  Relationship of cell growth to the regulation of tissue‐specific gene expression during osteoblast differentiation , 1990, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[50]  S. Bruder,et al.  Mesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regenaration therapy , 1994 .

[51]  H. Bannasch,et al.  Fibrin glue as matrix for cultured autologous urothelial cells in urethral reconstruction. , 2001, Tissue engineering.

[52]  W. Hayes,et al.  Bone regeneration by implantation of purified, culture‐expanded human mesenchymal stem cells , 1998, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[53]  A. Mikos,et al.  Injectable biodegradable polymer composites based on poly(propylene fumarate) crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol)-dimethacrylate. , 2000, Biomaterials.

[54]  Donald E. Ingber,et al.  The structural and mechanical complexity of cell-growth control , 1999, Nature Cell Biology.

[55]  M. Liszkowski,et al.  Enhanced growth of animal and human endothelial cells on biodegradable polymers. , 1999, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[56]  R Cancedda,et al.  Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[57]  G. Gahrton,et al.  Retroviral‐mediated gene transfer into human bone marrow stromal cells: Studies of efficiency and in vivo survival in SCID mice , 1995, European journal of haematology.

[58]  Q. Shang,et al.  Tissue-Engineered Bone Repair of Sheep Cranial Defects with Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells , 2001, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[59]  G. Ahrendt,et al.  Angiogenic Growth Factors: A Review for Tissue Engineering , 1998 .

[60]  R. Mulligan,et al.  The basic science of gene therapy. , 1993, Science.

[61]  S. Bruder,et al.  In vitro differentiation of bone and hypertrophic cartilage from periosteal-derived cells. , 1991, Experimental cell research.

[62]  S. Bruder,et al.  Terminal differentiation of osteogenic cells in the embryonic chick tibia is revealed by a monoclonal antibody against osteocytes. , 1990, Bone.

[63]  J. Hollinger,et al.  Development of synthetic bone-repair materials for craniofacial reconstruction. , 1990, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[64]  G. Lewis,et al.  Properties of acrylic bone cement: state of the art review. , 1997, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[65]  J. Triffitt,et al.  In vitro effects of growth factors and dexamethasone on rat marrow stromal cells. , 1995, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[66]  A. Reddi,et al.  Regulation of cartilage and bone differentiation by bone morphogenetic proteins. , 1992, Current opinion in cell biology.

[67]  A. Mikos,et al.  Guided tissue fabrication from periosteum using preformed biodegradable polymer scaffolds. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[68]  J. McDonald.  Matrix regulation of cell shape and gene expression. , 1989, Current opinion in cell biology.

[69]  J. Vacanti,et al.  Enhanced Induction of Engineered Bone with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor , 1997 .

[70]  M. Sefton,et al.  Tissue engineering. , 1998, Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery.

[71]  M. Iwamoto,et al.  Culture of stromal cells derived from medullary cavity of human long bone in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, or ipriflavone. , 1998, Bone.

[72]  C. Perry,et al.  Bone repair techniques, bone graft, and bone graft substitutes. , 1999, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[73]  Hollinger,et al.  Sustained release emphasizing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. , 1998, Advanced drug delivery reviews.