Human Factors in Automation Design

Designers frequently look toward automation as a way to increase system efficiency and safety by reducing human involvement. This approach often leads to disappointment because the role of people becomes more, not less, important as automation becomes more powerfull and prevalent. Developing automation without consideration of the human operator leads to new and more catastrophic failures. For automation to fulfill its promise, designers must avoid a technology-centered approach and adopt an approach that considers the joint operator–automation system. Automation-related problems arise because introducing automation changes the type and extent of feedback that operators receive, as well as the nature and structure of tasks. In addition, operatorsʼ behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to these changes can leave the system vulnerable to failure. Automation is not a homogenous technology. There are many types of automation and each poses different design challenges. This chapter describes how different types of automation place different demands on operators. It also presents strategies that can help designers achieve the promise of automation. The chapter concludes with future challenges in automation design.

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