Surfactant-Oil-Water Systems Near the Affinity Inversion. XII. Emulsion Drop Size Versus Formulation and Composition

ABSTRACT Emulsion drop size depends on the both formulation and composition of the surfactant-oil-water system, as well as on the stirring conditions prevailing during emulsification. General trends versus formulation or composition changes are presented. However, it is shown that the effects are not independent and that a proper combination of these parameters allows the attainment of very small drop size, even at low stirring energy. An overall phenomenology is presented on a two-dimensional formulation-composition map from which it is easy to select the best emulsification conditions.

[1]  J. Salager,et al.  SORFACTANT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION Part III: THE TWO KINDS OF EMULSION INVERSION , 1983 .

[2]  H. Davis.  Factors determining emulsion type: Hydrophile—lipophile balance and beyond , 1994 .

[3]  A. Skauge,et al.  ULTRALOW INTERFACIAL TENSIONASA FUNCTION OF PRESSURE , 1986 .

[4]  R. Pal,et al.  Viscosity/Concentration Relationships for Emulsions , 1989 .

[5]  J. Salager,et al.  Surfactant-oil-water systems near the affinity inversion. Part XI. pH sensitive emulsions containing carboxylic acids , 1999 .

[6]  Hsiang-In Tang,et al.  Low-energy emulsification. Part VI: Applications in high-internal phase emulsions , 1984 .

[7]  R. S. Schechter,et al.  The utilization of petroleum sulfonates for producing low interfacial tensions between hydrocarbons and water , 1977 .

[8]  B. Brooks,et al.  Phase inversion in non-ionic surfactant—oil—water systems—II. Drop size studies in catastrophic inversion with turbulent mixing , 1994 .

[9]  J. Salager,et al.  Physicochemical parameters influencing the emulsion drop size , 1996 .

[10]  Clarence A. Miller,et al.  Ultralow interfacial tensions and their relation to phase separation in micellar solutions , 1977 .

[11]  J. Andérez,et al.  Properties of surfactant/oil/water emulsified systems in the neighborhood of the three-phase transition , 1980 .

[12]  Lawrence L. Tavlarides,et al.  Drop size distributions and coalescence frequencies of liquid‐liquid dispersions in flow vessels , 1976 .

[13]  S. G. Mason,et al.  Particle motions in sheared suspensions XII. Deformation and burst of fluid drops in shear and hyperbolic flow , 1961 .

[14]  P. Kralchevsky,et al.  Stability of emulsions under equilibrium and dynamic conditions , 1997 .

[15]  J. Salager,et al.  Emulsion instability in the three-phase behavior region of surfactant-alcohoi-oil-brine systems , 1986 .

[16]  and Alexey Kabalnov,et al.  Macroemulsion Stability: The Oriented Wedge Theory Revisited , 1996 .

[17]  K. Shinoda,et al.  The Stability of O/W type emulsions as functions of temperature and the HLB of emulsifiers: The emulsification by PIT-method , 1969 .

[18]  J. Salager,et al.  SURFACTANT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION: PART VI: EMULSIONS HITH VISCOUS HYDROCARBONS , 1990 .

[19]  H. Karam,et al.  Deformation and Breakup of Liquid Droplets in a Simple Shear Field , 1968 .

[20]  A. Graciaa,et al.  Partitioning of ethoxylated octylphenol surfactants in microemulsion-oil-water systems: influence of temperature and relation between partitioning coefficient and physicochemical formulation , 2000 .

[21]  Robert S. Schechter,et al.  The relation of emulsion stability to phase behavior and interfacial tension of surfactant systems , 1979 .

[22]  J. C. Morgan,et al.  Interfacial Tension and Phase Behavior of Surfactant Systems , 1978 .

[23]  J. Salager,et al.  SURFACTANT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION PART IV: EMULSION INVERSION TEMPERATURE , 1986 .

[24]  J. Salager,et al.  SURFACTANT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION: PART VII: PHASE BEHAVIOR AND EMULSIONS WITH POLAR OILS , 1991 .

[25]  R. S. Schechter,et al.  Stability of macroemulsions , 1988 .

[26]  P. Jarry,et al.  SURFACTAHT-OIL-WATER SYSTEMS NEAR THE AFFINITY INVERSION PART V: PROPERTIES OF EMULSIONS , 1986 .

[27]  K. Danov,et al.  DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN SURFACTANT STABILIZED EMULSIONS , 2001 .

[28]  P. Jarry,et al.  Inversion of Surfactant-Oil-Brine Emulsified Systems: Generalized Mapping and Property Transitions , 1986 .

[29]  K. Shinoda,et al.  Principles of attaining ultra-low interfacial tension: The role of hydrophile—lipophile-balance of surfactant at oil/water interface , 1981 .

[30]  B. Brooks,et al.  Dynamics of liquid—liquid phase inversion using non-ionic surfactants , 1991 .

[31]  Thomas G. Mason,et al.  Shear Rupturing of Droplets in Complex Fluids , 1997 .

[32]  J. E. Vinatieri.  Correlation of Emulsion Stability With Phase Behavior in Surfactant Systems for Tertiary Oil Recovery , 1980 .

[33]  Hercilio Rivas,et al.  Flow characteristics of concentrated emulsions of very viscous oil in water , 1996 .

[34]  R. Antón,et al.  Anionic-nonionic surfactant mixture to attain emulsion insensitivity to temperature , 1995 .

[35]  H. M. Princen,et al.  Structure, Mechanics, and Rheology of Concentrated Emulsions and Fluid Foams , 2003 .

[36]  L. Tavlarides,et al.  The Analysis of Interphase Reactions and Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Dispersions , 1981 .

[37]  R. S. Schechter,et al.  The partitioning of complex surfactant mixtures between oil/water/microemulsion phases at high surfactant concentrations , 1983 .

[38]  E. Dickinson.  Chapter 3. Emulsions , 1986 .

[39]  A. Graciaa,et al.  Partitioning of ethoxylated alkylphenol surfactants in microemulsion-oil-water systems , 1995 .