Air Pollution by Photochemical Oxidants

Ozone in the Nineteenth Century. The Nature and Properties of Oxidants and their Precursors. Ozone. Hydrogen peroxide. Peroxyacyl nitrates. Nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide. Hydrocarbons. Aldehydes. Ketones. Sources and Emissions of Oxidant Precursors. Microbial production of methane. Microbial production of nitrogen oxides. The production of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons. Oxidant precursors from biomass burning. Combustion of fossil fuels. Precursor emission inventories. Appendix: Dry deposition of photochemical oxidants. Atmospheric Chemistry of Photochemical Oxidants. Photolytic processes. Tropospheric chemistry far from anthropogenic sources. Oxidant chemistry in urban areas. Chemical mechanisms used in air pollution modelling. The Measurement of Photochemcial Oxidants and their Precursors. Ozone. Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. PAN compounds and other organic nitrates. OH and other radical species. Oxides of nitrogen. Non methane hydrocarbons. Oxygenated hydrocarbons. Concentrations of Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants. Ozone concentrations at remote sites. Ozone concentrations at urban sites. Ozone concentrations at rural sites. Ambient ozone concentrations in the UK and Ireland. Ambient ozone concentrations in Europe. Ozone concentrations in the rest of the world. Meteorological conditions and ozone episodes. Trends in ozone concentrations. Urban, rural and remote PAN compound concentrations. Urban, rural and remote peroxide concentrations. Environmental Effects. Impact on climate. Effects on nonbiological materials. Effects on human health. Effects on vegetation. Biomonitoring. Control Strategies. Air quality criteria. Compliance with air quality standards. Control strategies. The VOC Protocol. Controlling emissions from motor vehicles.