Discussion and Application of CANDE Computer Program to Design of Reinforced Concrete Culverts

The purpose of this paper is to introduce CANDE, a new computer program for the structural design and analysis of pipe culverts, including not only reinforced concrete, but also corrugated steel, corrugated aluminum, and plastic pipe. CANDE operates either in a design or an analysis mode and offers a choice of three solution levels ranging from an elasticity solution to a general finite-element solution. The solution level concept allows the design engineer to choose a degree of rigor and cost commensurate with a particular project. Analytical modeling features include: incremental construction, nonlinear behavior of both soil and pipe, and nonlinear contact interfaces.