OFDM and its Major Concerns: A Study with Way Out

Abstract Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted as a major data transmission technique by many wireless communication standards. Despite its several advantageous features, there are some major issues which should be resolved for getting its full advantages. This paper reviews these concerns of OFDM system in detail and present different available solutions of these problems. This paper gives a great insight of major problems like high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem, synchronization (time and frequency) problems. This paper also highlights the methods of inter-carrier interference (ICI) reduction available in literature.

[1]  Erchin Serpedin,et al.  Coarse frame and carrier synchronization of OFDM systems: a new metric and comparison , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[2]  Dennis Goeckel,et al.  A modern extreme value theory approach to calculating the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM systems , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[3]  Sinem Coleri Ergen,et al.  Channel estimation techniques based on pilot arrangement in OFDM systems , 2002, IEEE Trans. Broadcast..

[4]  Joachim Speidel,et al.  Two-dimensional iterative APP channel estimation and decoding for OFDM systems , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[5]  B. Hirosaki.  An Analysis of Automatic Equalizers for Orthogonally Multiplexed QAM Systems , 1980, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[6]  James A. Davis,et al.  Peak-to-mean power control in OFDM, Golay complementary sequences and Reed-Muller codes , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (Cat. No.98CH36252).

[7]  Alan J. Coulson,et al.  Maximum likelihood synchronization for OFDM using a pilot symbol: algorithms , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[8]  Hwang Soo Lee,et al.  Frequency domain equalisation of OFDM signals over frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channels , 1993 .

[9]  Kenneth G. Paterson,et al.  Generalized Reed-Muller codes and power control in OFDM modulation , 1998, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[10]  Xianbin Wang,et al.  Reduction of peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM system using a companding technique , 1999, IEEE Trans. Broadcast..

[11]  T. Wilkinson,et al.  Block coding scheme for reduction of peak to mean envelope power ratio of multicarrier transmission schemes , 1994 .

[12]  Amir K. Khandani,et al.  Integer-based constellation-shaping method for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[13]  Todor Cooklev,et al.  Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems , 2004 .

[14]  Miin-Jong Hao,et al.  Precoding for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals With Minimum Error Probability , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[15]  Minoru Okada,et al.  Transmission performance analysis of Multi-Carrier Modulation in frequency selective fast Rayleigh fading channel , 1995, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[16]  Harish Viswanathan,et al.  Optimal placement of training for frequency-selective block-fading channels , 2002, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[17]  Ramjee Prasad,et al.  Multicarrier techniques for 4G mobile communications , 2003 .

[18]  Antonio Ruiz,et al.  Frequency domain data transmission using reduced computational complexity algorithms , 1980, ICASSP.

[19]  R. M. A. P. Rajatheva,et al.  An Exact Error Probability Analysis of OFDM Systems with Frequency Offset , 2006, MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference.

[20]  Yiyan Wu,et al.  Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing: a multi-carrier modulation scheme , 1995 .

[21]  C. Muschallik,et al.  Improving an OFDM reception using an adaptive Nyquist windowing , 1996, 1996. Digest of Technical Papers., International Conference on Consumer Electronics.

[22]  Framing structure , channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television , 2022 .

[23]  Martin Bossert,et al.  Improved channel estimation with decision feedback for OFDM systems , 1998 .

[24]  Xin Xu,et al.  Robust frequency offset estimator for OFDM over fast varying multipath channel , 2012, ArXiv.

[25]  Patrick Robertson,et al.  A concept of digital terrestrial television broadcasting , 1995, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[26]  Gordon L. Stüber,et al.  Clipping noise mitigation for OFDM by decision-aided reconstruction , 1999, IEEE Communications Letters.

[27]  Geoffrey Ye Li,et al.  Robust channel estimation for OFDM systems with rapid dispersive fading channels , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[28]  Minoru Okada,et al.  Bit Error Rate Performances of Orthogonal Multicarrier Modulation Radio Transmission Systems , 1993 .

[29]  Vijay K. Bhargava,et al.  On timing offset estimation for OFDM systems , 2000, IEEE Communications Letters.

[30]  Jae Hong Lee,et al.  PAPR reduction of OFDM signals using a reduced complexity PTS technique , 2004, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[31]  Tao Jiang,et al.  Derivation of PAPR Distribution for OFDM Wireless Systems Based on Extreme Value Theory , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[32]  Nelson Sollenberger,et al.  Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences , 2000, IEEE Communications Letters.

[33]  A. Kirsch,et al.  The AN/GSC-10 (KATHRYN) Variable Rate Data Modem for HF Radio , 1967 .

[34]  Heinrich Meyr,et al.  Optimum receiver design for wireless broad-band systems using OFDM. I , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[35]  Barry G. Evans,et al.  Improved preamble-aided timing estimation for OFDM systems , 2008, IEEE Communications Letters.

[36]  J.A.C. Bingham,et al.  Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has come , 1990, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[37]  Farrokh Marvasti,et al.  Clipping noise cancellation in OFDM systems using oversampled signal reconstruction , 2002, IEEE Communications Letters.

[38]  Alireza Seyedi,et al.  General ICI self-cancellation scheme for OFDM systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[39]  Norman C. Beaulieu,et al.  On the effects of receiver windowing on OFDM performance in the presence of carrier frequency offset , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[40]  Mathias Friese.  On the achievable information rate with peak-power-limited orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing , 2000, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[41]  C. Matrakidis,et al.  Multicarrier transmission peak-to-average power reduction using simple block code , 1998 .

[42]  Leonard J. Cimini,et al.  Analysis and Simulation of a Digital Mobile Channel Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing , 1985, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[43]  Dov Wulich,et al.  Reduction of peak to mean ratio of multicarrier modulation using cyclic coding , 1996 .

[44]  Yuan Jiang.  New companding transform for PAPR reduction in OFDM , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[45]  Umberto Mengali,et al.  An improved frequency offset estimator for OFDM applications , 1999, IEEE Communications Letters.

[46]  Alexander M. Haimovich,et al.  Iterative estimation and cancellation of clipping noise for OFDM signals , 2003, IEEE Communications Letters.

[47]  Tao Jiang,et al.  Exponential companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems , 2005, IEEE Trans. Broadcast..

[48]  Slimane Ben Slimane.  Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of OFDM signals using pulse shaping , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[49]  S.-G. Haggman,et al.  Sensitivity to Doppler shift and carrier frequency errors in OFDM systems-the consequences and solutions , 1996, Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC.

[50]  Robert J. Baxley,et al.  Comparing Selected Mapping and Partial Transmit Sequence for PAR Reduction , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[51]  M. L. Doelz,et al.  Binary Data Transmission Techniques for Linear Systems , 1957, Proceedings of the IRE.

[52]  Jean Armstrong,et al.  Analysis of new and existing methods of reducing intercarrier interference due to carrier frequency offset in OFDM , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[53]  Barry G. Evans,et al.  Robust time-domain timing and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[54]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  A Discrete Multitone Transceiver System for HDSL Applications , 1991, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[55]  R. Bäuml,et al.  Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping , 1996 .

[56]  Seung Young Park,et al.  Iterative receiver with joint detection and channel estimation for OFDM system with multiple receiver antennas in mobile radio channels , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[57]  Seok-Joong Heo,et al.  A Modified SLM Scheme With Low Complexity for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[58]  Slimane Ben Slimane,et al.  Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of OFDM Signals Through Precoding , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[59]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM , 1998, IEEE Communications Letters.

[60]  Douglas L. Jones,et al.  PAR reduction in OFDM via active constellation extension , 2003, IEEE Trans. Broadcast..

[61]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Blind OFDM symbol synchronization in ISI channels , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[62]  Omar Alani,et al.  Reducing the PAPR by utilisation of the LDPC code , 2009, IET Commun..

[63]  Ajit K. Chaturvedi,et al.  Closed Form BER Expressions for BPSK OFDM Systems with Frequency Offset , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[64]  Heung-Gyoon Ryu,et al.  PAPR reduction using soft clipping and ACI rejection in OFDM system , 2002, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron..

[65]  Norman C. Beaulieu,et al.  Reduced ICI in OFDM systems using the "better than" raised-cosine pulse , 2004, IEEE Communications Letters.

[66]  Tao Jiang,et al.  PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals Using Partial Transmit Sequences With Low Computational Complexity , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[67]  Khaled Ben Letaief,et al.  A robust timing and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems , 2003, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[68]  Hui Zhang,et al.  Synchronization method based on a new constant envelop preamble for OFDM systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[69]  C. Leung,et al.  OFDM for data communication over mobile radio FM channels. I. Analysis and experimental results , 1991, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[70]  Umberto Mengali,et al.  A comparison of pilot-aided channel estimation methods for OFDM systems , 2001, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[71]  Khairi Ashour Hamdi,et al.  Exact SINR analysis of wireless OFDM in the presence of carrier frequency offset , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[72]  Lajos Hanzo,et al.  OFDM and MC-CDMA for Broadband Multi-User Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting , 2003 .

[73]  Chin-Liang Wang,et al.  Low-complexity selected mapping schemes for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[74]  B. Saltzberg,et al.  Performance of an Efficient Parallel Data Transmission System , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology.

[75]  Ye Li.  Pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation for OFDM in wireless systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[76]  L. Hanzo,et al.  Adaptive multicarrier modulation: a convenient framework for time-frequency processing in wireless communications , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[77]  Tung-Sang Ng,et al.  Blind Symbol Synchronization Based on Cyclic Prefix for OFDM Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[78]  P. Takis Mathiopoulos,et al.  Time domain constellation shaping technique for peak-to-average power ratio reduction , 2009, IET Commun..

[79]  Nicolae Dumitru Alexandru,et al.  ICI Reduction in OFDM Systems Using Phase Modified Sinc Pulse , 2010, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[80]  Richard V. Paiement,et al.  Evaluation of single carrier and multi-carrier modulation techniques for digital ATV terrestrial broadcasting , 1994 .

[81]  Dov Wulich,et al.  Reduction of peak factor in orthogonal multicarrier modulation by amplitude limiting and coding , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[82]  R. Chang,et al.  A Theoretical Study of Performance of an Orthogonal Multiplexing Data Transmission Scheme , 1968 .

[83]  Daesik Hong,et al.  A novel timing estimation method for OFDM systems , 2002, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. GLOBECOM '02. IEEE.

[84]  Hikmet Sari,et al.  Transmission techniques for digital terrestrial TV broadcasting , 1995, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[85]  Farokh Marvasti,et al.  PAPR reduction of space-frequency coded OFDM systems using Active Constellation Extension , 2011 .

[86]  Khoa N. Le,et al.  BER of OFDM with diversity and pulse shaping in Rayleigh fading environments , 2010, Digit. Signal Process..

[87]  Seung Hee Han,et al.  An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[88]  Danpu Liu,et al.  On two-dimensional adaptive channel estimation in OFDM systems , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[89]  Stefan H. Müller-Weinfurtner.  Optimum Nyquist windowing in OFDM receivers , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[90]  C.-C. Jay Kuo,et al.  Synchronization Techniques for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): A Tutorial Review , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[91]  Cyril Leung,et al.  OFDM for data communication over mobile radio FM channels. II. Performance improvement , 1992, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[92]  G. Santella,et al.  A hybrid analytical-simulation procedure for performance evaluation in M-QAM-OFDM schemes in presence of nonlinear distortions , 1998 .

[93]  Alberto Morello,et al.  CD3-OFDM: a novel demodulation scheme for fixed and mobile receivers , 1996, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[94]  Geoffrey Ye Li,et al.  OFDM and Its Wireless Applications: A Survey , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[95]  Himanshu Sharma,et al.  Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems , 2013 .

[96]  Hideki Ochiai,et al.  Performance of the deliberate clipping with adaptive symbol selection for strictly band-limited OFDM systems , 2000, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[97]  Rajiv Saxena,et al.  Performance improvement in an OFDM system with MBH combinational pulse shape , 2013, Digit. Signal Process..

[98]  Jean Armstrong,et al.  Peak-to-average power reduction for OFDM by repeated clipping and frequency domain filtering , 2002 .

[99]  Chintha Tellambura,et al.  Probability of error calculation of OFDM systems with frequency offset , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[100]  Hideki Ochiai,et al.  Performance analysis of deliberately clipped OFDM signals , 2002, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[101]  Charalampos Tsimenidis,et al.  Selected mapping without side information for PAPR reduction in OFDM , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[102]  Rajiv Saxena,et al.  A New Peak Clipping Algorithm for PAPR Reduction in OFDM , 2011 .

[103]  Marc Moeneclaey,et al.  BER sensitivity of OFDM systems to carrier frequency offset and Wiener phase noise , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[104]  Gerhard Fettweis,et al.  Time-variant distortions in OFDM , 2000, IEEE Communications Letters.

[105]  Simon J. Shepherd,et al.  Asymptotic limits in peak envelope power reduction by redundant coding in orthogonal frequency-division multiplex modulation , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[106]  Gerhard Wunder,et al.  Generalized bounds on the crest-factor distribution of OFDM signals with applications to code design , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[107]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Optimum finite-length equalization for multicarrier transceivers , 1996, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[108]  R. V. Nee,et al.  Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM , 1998, VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151).

[109]  Ming-Xian Chang,et al.  A Novel Algorithm of Inter-Subchannel Interference Self-Cancellation for OFDM Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[110]  Charalampos Tsimenidis,et al.  A novel selected mapping technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[111]  Rajiv Saxena,et al.  PAPR reduction in OFDM systems using precoding with clipping , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Communications, Computing and Control Applications (CCCA).

[112]  Alan J. Coulson.  Maximum likelihood synchronization for OFDM using a pilot symbol: analysis , 2001, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[113]  Tao Jiang,et al.  An Overview: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for OFDM Signals , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[114]  R. Chang.  Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel data transmission , 1966 .

[115]  R. R. Mosier,et al.  Kineplex, a bandwidth-efficient binary transmission system , 1958, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics.

[116]  Jianhua Ge,et al.  Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Signals With Nonlinear Companding Scheme , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[117]  Mohd Fadzli Mohd Salleh,et al.  Multi-carrier transmission techniques for wireless communication systems: a survey , 2009 .

[118]  Changyong Pan,et al.  On the synchronization techniques for wireless OFDM systems , 2006, IEEE Trans. Broadcast..

[119]  H. F. Harmuth.  On the transmission of information by orthogonal time functions , 1960, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics.

[120]  Chintha Tellambura,et al.  Multicarrier transmission peak-to-average power reduction using simple block code , 1998 .

[121]  Dov Wulich,et al.  Peak-to-average power ratio in high-order OFDM , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[122]  Ramesh Pyndiah,et al.  PAPR reduction for LDPC coded OFDM systems using binary masks and optimal LLR estimation , 2011, Signal Process..

[123]  J. Huber,et al.  OFDM with reduced peak-to-average power ratio by optimum combination of partial transmit sequences , 1997 .

[124]  B. Hirosaki,et al.  An Orthogonally Multiplexed QAM System Using the Discrete Fourier Transform , 1981, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[125]  Tjeng Thiang Tjhung,et al.  A New Blind Joint Timing and Frequency Offset Estimator for OFDM Systems Over Multipath Fading Channels , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[126]  Joachim Speidel,et al.  A comparative study of iterative channel estimators for mobile OFDM systems , 2003, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[127]  Hideki Ochiai,et al.  On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[128]  Paul H. Moose,et al.  A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[129]  Saswat Chakrabarti,et al.  An improved residual frequency offset estimation scheme for OFDM based WLAN systems , 2010, Digit. Signal Process..

[130]  Jianhua Lu,et al.  Companding transform for reduction in peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[131]  Yuanan Liu,et al.  Frequency offset estimation with fast acquisition in OFDM system , 2004, IEEE Communications Letters.

[132]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Performance Evaluation of a Multichannel Transceiver System for ADSL and VHDSL Services , 1991, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[133]  J.E. Mazo,et al.  Digital communications , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[134]  S. Weinstein,et al.  Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform , 1971 .

[135]  Bjorn Ottersten,et al.  Performance analysis of the total least squares ESPRIT algorithm , 1991, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[136]  Jae Hong Lee,et al.  On the Use of Hexagonal Constellation for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of an ODFM Signal , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[137]  Khoa N. Le,et al.  Insights on ICI and its effects on performance of OFDM systems , 2008, Digit. Signal Process..

[138]  Volkan Kumbasar,et al.  ICI reduction in OFDM systems by using improved sinc power pulse , 2007, Digit. Signal Process..

[139]  Shu Hung Leung,et al.  A novel OFDM receiver with second order polynomial Nyquist window function , 2005, IEEE Commun. Lett..

[140]  Sven-Gustav Häggman,et al.  Intercarrier interference self-cancellation scheme for OFDM mobile communication systems , 2001, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[141]  Aarne Mämmelä,et al.  Robust and Accurate Frequency and Timing Synchronization Using Chirp Signals , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.

[142]  Per Ola Börjesson,et al.  ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[143]  Brian G. Stewart,et al.  An evaluation of modified µ-Law companding to reduce the PAPR of OFDM systems , 2010 .

[144]  J. Walsh.  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing , 2013 .

[145]  Luca Rugini,et al.  BER of OFDM systems impaired by carrier frequency offset in multipath fading channels , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[146]  Voon Chin Phua,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1999 .

[147]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM , 1997, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[148]  A. Kumar,et al.  On the modified Bartlett-Hanning window (family) , 1996, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..