Industrial load management : theory, practice, and simulations

Introduction. Power system background. Hypothesis. Aims and intentions. Boundaries and limitations. Background theory. Electricity rates. Industrial load management. Industrial load management definition. Nomenclature. Conversion Factor. Literature on Industrial Load Management. Models. Load Data Acquisition and ILM ``Potentials''. Experiences from Differential Rates in Industry. Industrial Load Management. Industrial Load Management Principles. Bivalent heating systems. Load priority systems. Rescheduling processes or parts of processes. Heat, cool or process media storage. Co-generation. New energy (and power) efficient processes. Manageable Industrial Loads. Transferability of ILM Results and Load Characteristics. Potential for Industrial Load Management in Sweden. Summary of ILM Potential. Industrial Load Management Simulation Model. Model Development Philosophy and Performance Objectives. Load data initiation. Load management and rate specification. Load duration curves. Calculations. Rate adjustment function. Comparing existing rates. Comparing a new rate with an existing rate. Rescheduling of processes or parts of processes. Load priority system operation. Energy storage and cool storage systems. Dual-fuel heating systems. Co-generation. Demand charges. Calculation results. INDSIM model result presentation. Selection of load data from one week. Checking the number of demand values above a demand limit. Industrial Load Management Simulation - Case Studies. The engineering industry. Energy use and load manageability. Simulation results: Metal works. Wire drawing mill. Simulation of industrial load management measures at the wire drawing mill. Active, direct load control in a factory producing commercial refrigeration equipment. Heating Industrial Premises and Tap-Water. Introduction. Variations in Power Requirements for Heating Purposes. Differential Electricity Rates. Heating of Industrial Premises and Tap-Water Production. Influence on Load Duration Curves by Energy-Saving Measures. Use of Energy for Industrial Heating. Purposes in Sweden. Conclusions. Industrial Load Management Application in a Foundry with Electric Furnaces. Summary. Introduction. Defining the Problem. Industrial Load Management. Industrial Load Management Simulation. Combined Load Measurement and Load Management System. Load Management System Installation. Conclusions. Further Work. Literature References. Appendix 1: Use of Electric Power in Industry - Potential for Industrial Load Management. Appendix 2: INDSIM, Industrial Load Management Simulation Model - Computer Code and Necessary Input Data Files. Main program: INDSIM.PAS. Subroutine program: SUBROUT.PAS. Calculation program: CALC.PAS. Necessary data files for the INDSIM model.