Silicate production and availability for mineral carbonation.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestered as carbonates through the accelerated weathering of silicate minerals is proposed as a climate change mitigation technology with the potential to capture billions of tonnes of carbon per year. Although these materials can be mined expressly for carbonation, they are also produced by human activities (cement, iron and steel making, coal combustion, etc.). Despite their potential, there is poor global accounting of silicates produced in this way. This paper presents production estimates (by proxy) of various silicate materials including aggregate and mine waste, cement kiln dust, construction and demolition waste, iron and steel slag, and fuel ash. Approximately 7-17 billion tonnes are produced globally each year with an approximate annual sequestration potential of 190-332 million tonnes C. These estimates provide justification for additional research to accurately quantify the contemporary production of silicate minerals and to determine the location and carbon capture potential of historic material accumulations.

[1]  Peter J Gunning,et al.  Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes. , 2010, Waste management.

[2]  Peter B. Kelemen,et al.  Permanent storage of carbon dioxide in geological reservoirs by mineral carbonation , 2009 .

[3]  Nikolaos Koukouzas,et al.  Quantitative evaluation of minerals in fly ashes of biomass, coal and biomass-coal mixture derived from circulating fluidised bed combustion technology. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[4]  D. Manning,et al.  Carbonate precipitation in artificial soils as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide , 2009 .

[5]  J. Shepherd,et al.  Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty , 2009 .

[6]  Robert P. Rogers,et al.  An Economic History of the American Steel Industry , 2009 .

[7]  John S Gierke,et al.  Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement kiln dust through mineral carbonation. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  Gilles Escadeillas,et al.  Utilization of weathered basic oxygen furnace slag in the production of hydraulic road binders , 2009 .

[9]  Peter B. Kelemen,et al.  In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[10]  K Moustakas,et al.  Preliminary study for the management of construction and demolition waste , 2008, Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA.

[11]  J. Aumonier,et al.  Hydrogeochemistry of Alkaline Steel Slag Leachates in the UK , 2008 .

[12]  D. Manning,et al.  Biological enhancement of soil carbonate precipitation: passive removal of atmospheric CO2 , 2008, Mineralogical Magazine.

[13]  S. Lekakh,et al.  Kinetics of Aqueous Leaching and Carbonization of Steelmaking Slag , 2008 .

[14]  R. Bohne,et al.  Projection of Construction and Demolition Waste in Norway , 2007 .

[15]  Nikolaos Koukouzas,et al.  Mineralogy and geochemistry of Greek and Chinese coal fly ash , 2006 .

[16]  F. Goodarzi.  Characteristics and composition of fly ash from Canadian coal-fired power plants , 2006 .

[17]  Liselotte Schebek,et al.  Closed-loop recycling of construction and demolition waste in Germany in view of stricter environmental threshold values , 2006, Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA.

[18]  Gurmel S. Ghataora,et al.  Soil Stabilization Using Basic Oxygen Steel Slag Fines , 2006 .

[19]  Gaëlle Ducom,et al.  Carbon dioxide sequestration in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[20]  Geert-Jan Witkamp,et al.  Mineral CO2 sequestration by steel slag carbonation. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  W. Kelly,et al.  Geochemistry of Extremely Alkaline (pH > 12) Ground Water in Slag‐Fill Aquifers , 2005, Ground water.

[22]  R. Sutamihardja,et al.  Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide , 2005 .

[23]  Nik.D. Oikonomou,et al.  Recycled concrete aggregates , 2005 .

[24]  S. Simons,et al.  A review of accelerated carbonation technology in the treatment of cement-based materials and sequestration of CO2. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[25]  S Pacala,et al.  Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies , 2004, Science.

[26]  Fouad M. Khalaf,et al.  Recycling of Demolished Masonry Rubble as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: Review , 2004 .

[27]  Hendrik G. van Oss,et al.  Cement Manufacture and the Environment Part II: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities , 2003 .

[28]  F. Wigley,et al.  Ash deposition of a Spanish anthracite: effects of included and excluded mineral matter , 2002 .

[29]  Hendrik G. van Oss,et al.  Cement Manufacture and the Environment: Part I: Chemistry and Technology , 2002 .

[30]  L. Price,et al.  CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE GLOBAL CEMENT INDUSTRY , 2001 .

[31]  Ian Douglas,et al.  Recycling construction and demolition wastes – a UK perspective , 2001 .

[32]  T. O. Shepker,et al.  Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags. , 2000 .

[33]  Domy C. Adriano,et al.  Environmental Impacts of Metal Ore Mining and Processing: A Review , 1997 .

[34]  S. Vassilev,et al.  Geochemistry of coals, coal ashes and combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations , 1997 .

[35]  Klaus S. Lackner,et al.  Progress on binding CO{sub 2} in mineral substrates , 1996 .

[36]  Haroon S. Kheshgi,et al.  Sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide by increasing ocean alkalinity , 1995 .

[37]  W. Seifritz,et al.  CO2 disposal by means of silicates , 1990, Nature.

[38]  E. Angino,et al.  Leaching characteristics of a high-calcium fly ash as a function of pH: a potential source of selenium toxicity , 1988 .

[39]  R. Garrels,et al.  The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years , 1983 .

[40]  R. G. Anderson,et al.  Carbon Dioxide Fixation within Mine Wastes of Ultramafic-Hosted Ore Deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile Deposits, Canada , 2009 .

[41]  B. Lothenbach,et al.  Thermodynamic Modelling of the Effect of Temperature on the Hydration and Porosity of Portland Cement , 2008 .

[42]  François Renard,et al.  Mineral sequestration of CO2 by aqueous carbonation of , 2008 .

[43]  Lester Hicks,et al.  Aggregates supply in England : issues for planning , 2008 .

[44]  Julio R. Valdes,et al.  Aggregate production: Fines generation during rock crushing , 2007 .

[45]  Nabil Kartam,et al.  Environmental management of construction and demolition waste in Kuwait. , 2004, Waste management.

[46]  H. Schuur.  CALCIUM SILICATE PRODUCTS WITH CRUSHED BUILDING AND DEMOLITION WASTE , 2000 .

[47]  A Craighill,et al.  A lifecycle assessment and evaluation of construction and demolition waste , 1999 .

[48]  R. A. Robie,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (10[5] pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures , 1995 .

[49]  Klaus S. Lackner,et al.  Carbon dioxide disposal in carbonate minerals , 1995 .

[50]  R. Berner,et al.  GEOCARB III : A REVISED MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC CO 2 OVER PHANEROZOIC TIME , 2001 .

[51]  A. R. Lee.  Blastfurnace and steel slag : production, properties and uses , 1974 .

[52]  Alan Birch,et al.  The economic history of the British iron and steel industry, 1784-1879 : essays in industrial and economic history with special reference to the development of technology , 1967 .

[53]  S. Gíslason,et al.  Mineral Carbonation of CO 2 , 2022 .