Nanoencapsulated chitosan nanoparticles in emulsion-based oral delivery system: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of insulin loaded formulation

Abstract In this study, we aimed to develop a novel protein - nanoencapsulated system for oral administration. For this purpose, insulin was selected as the model drug. Insulin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (INS-CS-NPs) were obtained by ionic gelation between chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Afterwards, as a novel strategy the nanoparticles were loaded into the inner phase of prepared water in oil microemulsion to provide sustained released, increased in vivo stability and enhanced drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. By this way, INS-CS-NPs encapsulated in microemulsion (INS-CS-NP-ME) was formed. The in vitro release properties of formulations with different INS:CS and CS:TPP ratios were investigated. In vitro release study in pH 2.5 revealed that insulin release was significantly low under higher CS ratios (p

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