Absorption, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of Triclosan after Dermal Administration

ABSTRACT We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and safety of the antimicrobial agent triclosan after dermal application of a 2% triclosan-containing cream to six volunteers. Percutaneous absorption calculated from urinary excretion was 5.9% ± 2.1% of the dose (mean ± standard deviation). The amount absorbed suggests that daily application of a standard adult dose would result in a systemic exposure 890 times lower than the relevant no-observed-adverse-effect level. Triclosan can be considered safe for use in hydrophobic creams.

[1]  A. Sioufi,et al.  GLC determination of free and conjugated triclosan in human plasma and urine. , 1977, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[2]  Lin Yj,et al.  Triclosan: a safety profile. , 1989, American journal of dentistry.

[3]  Fung Kk,et al.  Gingival absorption of triclosan following topical mouthrinse application. , 1994 .

[4]  G. Roella,et al.  Triclosan inhibits histamine-induced inflammation in human skin. , 1995, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[5]  P. A. Leonard,et al.  Triclosan: applications and safety. , 1996, American journal of infection control.

[6]  M. Gloor,et al.  Die keimreduzierende Wirkung von Erythromycin und Triclosan bei der atopischen Dermatitis , 1996 .

[7]  G. Roella,et al.  Does the nature of the solvent affect the anti-inflammatory capacity of triclosan? An experimental study. , 1997, Journal of clinical periodontology.

[8]  H. Humphreys,et al.  Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in hospitals. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Hospital Infection Society and the Infection Control Nurses Association. , 1998, The Journal of hospital infection.

[9]  T. Neal,et al.  An assessment of triclosan susceptibility in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. , 1999, The Journal of hospital infection.

[10]  Lin Yj,et al.  Clinical evidence for the lack of triclosan accumulation from daily use in dentifrices. , 2000 .

[11]  Y. J. Lin Buccal absorption of triclosan following topical mouthrinse application. , 2000, American journal of dentistry.

[12]  Y. J. Lin,et al.  Clinical evidence for the lack of triclosan accumulation from daily use in dentifrices. , 2000, American journal of dentistry.

[13]  D. Howes,et al.  Percutaneous penetration and dermal metabolism of triclosan (2,4, 4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether). , 2000, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[14]  R. Lyons,et al.  Triclosan inhibits the growth of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii by inhibition of apicomplexan Fab I. , 2001, International journal for parasitology.

[15]  Triclosan offers protection against blood stages of malaria by inhibiting enoyl-ACP reductase of Plasmodium falciparum. , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[16]  T. Barbolt Chemistry and safety of triclosan, and its use as an antimicrobial coating on Coated VICRYL* Plus Antibacterial Suture (coated polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan). , 2002, Surgical infections.

[17]  T. Reemtsma,et al.  Sensitive determination of acidic drugs and triclosan in surface and wastewater by ion-pair reverse-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. , 2004, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[18]  A. Russell Whither triclosan? , 2004, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[19]  C. Falany,et al.  TRICLOSAN AS A SUBSTRATE AND INHIBITOR OF 3′-PHOSPHOADENOSINE 5′-PHOSPHOSULFATE-SULFOTRANSFERASE AND UDP-GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE IN HUMAN LIVER FRACTIONS , 2004, Drug Metabolism and Disposition.

[20]  A. D. Russell,et al.  Triclosan–bacteria interactions: single or multiple target sites? , 2005, Letters in applied microbiology.

[21]  G. Sandborgh-Englund,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of Triclosan Following Oral Ingestion in Humans , 2006, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

[22]  J. Wohlrab,et al.  Antiseptic Efficacy of a Low-Dosed Topical Triclosan/Chlorhexidine Combination Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis , 2006, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.

[23]  A. Dayan Risk assessment of triclosan [Irgasan] in human breast milk. , 2007, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[24]  A. Calafat,et al.  Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003–2004 , 2007, Environmental health perspectives.