Removal of cadmium ion from wastewater by carbon-based nanosorbents: a review.

A green environment and a healthy life are dream projects of today's science and technology to save the world. Heavy metal ions in water affect both environment and human health. Cadmium has been identified as one of the heavy metals that causes acute or chronic toxic effects if ingested. Increasing use of cadmium in different technological fields has raised concern about its presence and removal from water/wastewater. Researchers have made many systematic efforts to remove heavy metals from water to reduce their impact on human beings and the environment. Adsorption is one of the best methods to remove heavy metals from water among the different proposed methods. This study explores carbon-based nanosorbents which have been proved as effective adsorbents for removal of cadmium ions from water. The adsorption efficiency of carbon-based nanosorbents is the main criterion to rank and select them for removal of cadmium ions from water. Toxicity, reusability and environmentally friendly characteristics of sorbents are also taken considered while ranking the suitable carbon-based nanosorbents for removal of cadmium ions from water.

[1]  Arun Kumar,et al.  Ranking Carbon-based Nanomaterials using Cytotoxicity to Minimize Public Health Risks , 2013 .

[2]  Katla Sai Krishna,et al.  Lab-on-a-chip synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and quantum dots for biomedical applications. , 2013, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[3]  De-hai Wu,et al.  Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. , 2004, Journal of Environmental Science.

[4]  S. Sasaki,et al.  Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmium-exposed female Japanese farmers. , 2004, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[5]  E. Demirbas,et al.  Removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell activated carbon: equilibrium studies. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[6]  M. Norouzi,et al.  Removal of ethidium bromide by carbon nanotube in aqueous solution: isotherms, equilibrium mechanism studies, and its comparison with nanoscale of zero valent iron as adsorbent , 2013, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry.

[7]  Bingqing Wei,et al.  Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions by multiwalled carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[8]  Rongjun Qu,et al.  Dynamic adsorption behavior and mechanism of transition metal ions on silica gels functionalized with hydroxyl- or amino-terminated polyamines , 2013 .

[9]  Growing carbon nanotubes , 2004 .

[10]  Kun Yang,et al.  Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from carbon nanomaterials in water. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[11]  Hyoyoung Lee,et al.  A strategically designed porous iron-iron oxide matrix on graphene for heavy metal adsorption. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[12]  Shiqiang Yan,et al.  Adsorption behavior of MnO2 functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions , 2013 .

[13]  M. Heravi,et al.  Preparation and application of poly(2-amino thiophenol)/MWCNTs nanocomposite for adsorption and separation of cadmium and lead ions via solid phase extraction. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[14]  Anwar Hussain,et al.  Accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with waste water and their daily intake to adults and children, District Mardan, Pakistan. , 2013, Food chemistry.

[15]  T. Caciari,et al.  Exposure to cadmium in male urban and rural workers and effects on FSH, LH and testosterone. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[16]  Zongbin Zhao,et al.  Investigation of factors affecting adsorption of transition metals on oxidized carbon nanotubes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[17]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Magnetically recoverable Ni@carbon nanocomposites: Solid-state synthesis and the application as excellent adsorbents for heavy metal ions , 2012 .

[18]  A. Nagar,et al.  ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER, SEDIMENTS AND SELECTED FRESHWATER FISH COLLECTED FROM GADILAM RIVER, TAMILNADU, INDIA , 2012 .

[19]  Mirjana Ristić,et al.  Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[20]  H. Fu,et al.  Health risk of heavy metals in food crops grown on reclaimed tidal flat soil in the Pearl River Estuary, China. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[21]  Hongwei Li,et al.  The adsorption properties of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on functionalized graphene prepared by electrolysis method. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[22]  I. Langmuir.  THE ADSORPTION OF GASES ON PLANE SURFACES OF GLASS, MICA AND PLATINUM. , 1918 .

[23]  R. Naidu,et al.  Chapter Four – Cadmium Contamination and Its Risk Management in Rice Ecosystems , 2013 .

[24]  Kun Yang,et al.  Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by carbon nanomaterials. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[25]  X Wang,et al.  Diameter effects on cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2009, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[26]  Nishith Verma,et al.  Composite nanofloral clusters of carbon nanotubes and activated alumina: An efficient sorbent for heavy metal removal , 2014 .

[27]  Weiping Cai,et al.  Mass production of micro/nanostructured porous ZnO plates and their strong structurally enhanced and selective adsorption performance for environmental remediation , 2010 .

[28]  Najma Memon,et al.  Sawdust--a green and economical sorbent for the removal of cadmium (II) ions. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[29]  M. Agrawal,et al.  Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. , 2010, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[30]  Arun Kumar,et al.  Reducing the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes Using Surface Modification Strategy , 2015 .

[31]  E. Robens,et al.  Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[32]  S. K. Lagergren,et al.  About the Theory of So-Called Adsorption of Soluble Substances , 1898 .

[33]  S. Das,et al.  Adsorption of cadmium on husk of Lathyrus sativus: physico-chemical study. , 2006, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[34]  Hani Abu Qdais,et al.  Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study , 2004 .

[35]  O. Hamdaoui,et al.  Kinetic and equilibrium study for the sorption of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous phase by eucalyptus bark. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[36]  R. Khaydarov,et al.  Water purification from metal ions using carbon nanoparticle-conjugated polymer nanocomposites. , 2010, Water research.

[37]  Henri Szwarc,et al.  In vivo behavior of large doses of ultrashort and full-length single-walled carbon nanotubes after oral and intraperitoneal administration to Swiss mice. , 2010, ACS nano.

[38]  T. Corrigan,et al.  ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS FOR PURE HYDROCARBONS , 1952 .

[39]  M. Kaur,et al.  Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions - a review. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[40]  M. Monajjemi,et al.  The Studies of Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution onto SWCNTs and SWCNT–COOH Surfaces , 2010 .

[41]  S. Sauvé,et al.  Cadmium and zinc in soil solution extracts following the application of phosphate fertilizers. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.

[42]  L. Charerntanyarak.  Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation , 1999 .

[43]  A. Tadjarodi,et al.  Adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic studies, and high performance of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructure on the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution , 2013, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry.

[44]  M. Foldvari,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: II. Drug delivery and biocompatibility issues. , 2008, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[45]  S. M. Dehaghi,et al.  Removal of Lead Ions from Wastewater Using Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Tris(2-Aminoethyl)Amine , 2013 .

[46]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Adsorption of divalent heavy metal ions from water using carbon nanotube sheets. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[47]  P. Bandaru,et al.  Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems. , 2010, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[48]  A. Åkesson.  Cadmium Exposure in the Environment: Renal Effects and the Benchmark Dose , 2011 .

[49]  K. Zare,et al.  Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution on SWCNTs and SWCNT –COOH Surfaces: Kinetics Studies , 2011 .

[50]  T. Ichihashi,et al.  Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter , 1993, Nature.

[51]  C. Banks,et al.  Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Use in Electroanalysis , 2006 .

[52]  J. Jang,et al.  Hetero-structured semiconductor nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications , 2014 .

[53]  M. Tsai,et al.  Adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons , 2012 .

[54]  Louis L. Baker,et al.  STUDIES OF FAST REACTIONS WHICH EVOLVE GASES. THE REACTION OF SODIUM- POTASSIUM ALLOY WITH WATER IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF OXYGEN. Technical Report No. 6 , 1952 .

[55]  R. Singh,et al.  Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. , 2010, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[56]  G. Nordberg,et al.  Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. , 2008, Environmental research.

[57]  Xiangke Wang,et al.  Investigation of the sequestration mechanisms of Cd(II) and 1-naphthol on discharged multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous environment. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[58]  O. Moradi,et al.  Influence of surface oxidation on the morphological and crystallographic structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes via different oxidants , 2013, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry.

[59]  M. Waalkes.  Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. , 2000, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[60]  Guangming Zeng,et al.  Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and ionic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite as an adsorbent , 2013 .

[61]  Fenglian Fu,et al.  Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[62]  Andreas Acrivos,et al.  Pore- and Solid-Diffusion Kinetics in Fixed-Bed Adsorption under Constant-Pattern Conditions , 1966 .

[63]  Zhiyong Gao,et al.  Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composite , 2008 .

[64]  M. Monajjemi,et al.  The study of adsorption characteristics Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions onto PHEMA and P(MMA-HEMA) surfaces from aqueous single solution. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[65]  L. Lv,et al.  Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: a review. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[66]  K. Pyrzyńska.  Sorption of Cd(II) onto carbon-based materials—a comparative study , 2010 .

[67]  N. W. Harvey,et al.  Comparison of Heavy Metal Adsorptions by Thai Kaolin and Ballclay , 2003 .

[68]  A. El-Sheikh.  Effect of oxidation of activated carbon on its enrichment efficiency of metal ions: comparison with oxidized and non-oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2008, Talanta.

[69]  M. Foldvari,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. Pharmaceutical properties. , 2008, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[70]  S. Kosa,et al.  Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline , 2012 .

[71]  F. Najafi,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Chemistry Principles and Reactions , 2012 .

[72]  B. Fowler.  Monitoring of human populations for early markers of cadmium toxicity: a review. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[73]  O. Orisakwe,et al.  Toxicological Study of the Anam River in Otuocha, Anambra State, Nigeria , 2006, Archives of environmental & occupational health.

[74]  M. Salam,et al.  Preparation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan nanocomposite and its application for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution , 2011 .

[75]  Dan Xiao,et al.  Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[76]  M. Ghorbani,et al.  Removal of COD, color, anions and heavy metals from cotton textile wastewater by using polyaniline and polypyrrole nanocomposites coated on rice husk ash , 2013 .

[77]  Amedeo Passerini,et al.  REMOVAL OF TOXIC CATIONS AND CR(VI) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY HAZELNUT SHELL , 2000 .

[78]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[79]  Mamata Mohapatra,et al.  Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions , 2011 .

[80]  M. Salam,et al.  Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies , 2013 .

[81]  Jiaxing Li,et al.  Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[82]  E. Demirbas,et al.  Adsorption kinetics for the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions on the activated carbons prepared from agricultural wastes , 2004 .

[83]  Qiao-juan Gong,et al.  Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium in water samples with a MnO2 coated carbon nanotubes by using ETAAS , 2011 .

[84]  P. Uskoković,et al.  Removal of lead from water by amino modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2011 .

[85]  Hao Yu,et al.  Adsorption characteristic of acidified carbon nanotubes for heavy metal Pb(II) in aqueous solution , 2007 .

[86]  Yong-guan Zhu,et al.  Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[87]  W. Swaddiwudhipong,et al.  Progress in cadmium-related health effects in persons with high environmental exposure in northwestern Thailand: a five-year follow-up. , 2012, Environmental research.

[88]  W. Prozialeck,et al.  Teratogenic effects and distribution of cadmium (Cd2+) administered via osmotic minipumps to gravid CF-1 mice. , 1995, Toxicology letters.

[89]  Yanru Tang,et al.  Study on the preparation of orange peel cellulose adsorbents and biosorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution , 2007 .

[90]  B. Mcenaney,et al.  Adsorption of Nitrogen in Carbon Nanotube Arrays , 1999 .

[91]  Cailu Xu,et al.  Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[92]  J. Horng,et al.  Adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions by carbon nanotubes grown on microsized Al2O3 particles , 2007 .

[93]  Xin Zhao,et al.  Polymer-supported nanocomposites for environmental application: A review , 2011 .

[94]  Valérie Cabuil,et al.  Magnetic nano- and microparticles for metal removal and environmental applications: a review , 2005 .

[95]  Cailu Xu,et al.  Adsorption of fluoride from water by aligned carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[96]  S. Kosa,et al.  Simultaneous removal of copper(II), lead(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2012 .

[97]  Jae-E. Yang,et al.  Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[98]  F. Béguin,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of benzene adsorbed in activated carbons and multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2006 .

[99]  Lars Järup,et al.  Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. , 2009, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[100]  R. Olsina,et al.  On-line ionic liquid-based preconcentration system coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry for trace cadmium determination in plastic food packaging materials. , 2009, Talanta.

[101]  F. Su,et al.  Competitive adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions on microporous titanosilicate ETS-10. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[102]  G. Annadurai.  Batch Equilibrium Adsorption of Reactive Dye onto Natural Biopolymer , 1997 .

[103]  K. Bhattacharyya,et al.  Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf powder as a biosorbent for removal of Cd(II) from aqueous medium. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[104]  K. Balasubramanian,et al.  Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes. , 2005, Small.

[105]  O. Moradi.  The Removal of Ions by Functionalized Carbon Nanotube: Equilibrium, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies , 2011 .

[106]  Guohua Chen,et al.  Selective removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using maghemite nanoparticle: Performance and mechanisms , 2006 .

[107]  K. Kadirvelu,et al.  Activated carbon from coconut coirpith as metal adsorbent: adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution , 2003 .

[108]  I. Akoteyon.  EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING CONTAMINATION INDEX IN PARTS OF ALIMOSHO, LAGOS - NIGERIA , 2012 .

[109]  C. Symon,et al.  The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the U.K. environment from human activities. , 1986, The Science of the total environment.

[110]  Kun Yang,et al.  Effect of humic acids on physicochemical property and Cd(II) sorption of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[111]  J. Gasser,et al.  Influence of the history of a melt on the electrical resistivity of cadmium–antimony liquid alloys , 2003 .

[112]  M. Mirghani,et al.  Statistical Analaysis for Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution at High pH , 2011 .

[113]  K. Zare,et al.  Interaction of some heavy metal ions with single walled carbon nanotube , 2011 .

[114]  J. Yu,et al.  Silver nanoparticles deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes for removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from water: Surface, kinetic, equilibrium, and thermal adsorption properties , 2013 .

[115]  Rajeev Kumar,et al.  Removal of Cadmium Ion from Water/Wastewater by Nano-metal Oxides: A Review , 2014, Water Quality, Exposure and Health.

[116]  Ning Han,et al.  One-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Energy Applications , 2014 .

[117]  S. Zobir,et al.  Synthesis and nucleation-growth mechanism of almost catalyst-free carbon nanotubes grown from Fe-filled sphere-like graphene-shell surface , 2013, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry.