Coseismic Kinematics of the 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey Earthquake Sequence From InSAR and Optical Data

We derive the ALOS‐2 coseismic interferograms, pixel‐offsets and Sentinel‐2 sub‐pixel offsets of the 2023 Mw7.8 and Mw7.7 Kahramanmaras, Turkey earthquake sequence. Offset maps show that the sequence ruptured ∼300 km along the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) and ∼180 km along the secondary Cardak and Dogansehir faults. We infer the coseismic slip distribution and interseismic fault motion by inverting the co‐ and inter‐seismic observations. Inversion results show that the coseismic slip (∼8.0 m) and interseismic strike‐slip rate (∼4.6 mm/yr) on the main rupture of the Mw7.8 event are basically consistent with the ∼8.4 m and ∼3.9 mm/yr of the Mw7.7 event. Most coseismic slips of the Mw7.8 and Mw7.7 events occur within 10 and 12 km at depth, respectively, in keeping with the interseismic locking depth of 10.4 ± 3.3 km and 11.1 ± 3.1 km. This implies that the coseismic rupture kinematics correlate with the interseismic strain accumulation. Moreover, static stress changes show that the Mw7.7 event is likely promoted by ∼2 bar stress increase from the Mw7.8 event on the central section of its main rupture.

[1]  C. Braitenberg,et al.  Slip distribution of the February 6, 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquake sequence in the East Anatolian Fault Zone , 2023, Seismica.

[2]  Eduardo Valero Cano,et al.  The Destructive Earthquake Doublet of 6 February 2023 in South-Central Türkiye and Northwestern Syria: Initial Observations and Analyses , 2023, The Seismic Record.

[3]  Jihong Liu,et al.  Surface Displacement and Source Model Separation of the Two Strongest Earthquakes During the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence: Insights From InSAR, GPS, and Optical Data , 2022, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[4]  Jihong Liu,et al.  Coseismic and Early Postseismic Slip Models of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake (Western China) Estimated by Space‐Based Geodetic Data , 2021, Geophysical Research Letters.

[5]  S. Ergintav,et al.  From Interseismic Deformation With Near‐Repeating Earthquakes to Co‐Seismic Rupture: A Unified View of the 2020 Mw6.8 Sivrice (Elazığ) Eastern Turkey Earthquake , 2021, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[6]  Mingsheng Liao,et al.  An Improved Quadtree Sampling Method for InSAR Seismic Deformation Inversion , 2021, Remote. Sens..

[7]  Marco Pagani,et al.  The GEM Global Active Faults Database , 2020 .

[8]  J. Nocquet,et al.  Distribution of Interseismic Coupling Along the North and East Anatolian Faults Inferred From InSAR and GPS Data , 2020, Geophysical Research Letters.

[9]  T. Wright,et al.  High‐Resolution Surface Velocities and Strain for Anatolia From Sentinel‐1 InSAR and GNSS Data , 2020, Geophysical Research Letters.

[10]  Zhi‐wei Li,et al.  Source parameters and slip distribution of the 2018 M 7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquake estimated from space-based geodesy , 2019 .

[11]  Gavin P. Hayes,et al.  The July 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence: Kinematics of Slip and Stressing in Cross‐Fault Ruptures , 2019, Geophysical Research Letters.

[12]  Oliver L. Stephenson,et al.  Hierarchical interlocked orthogonal faulting in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence , 2019, Science.

[13]  Z. Mildon,et al.  Coulomb pre-stress and fault bends are ignored yet vital factors for earthquake triggering and hazard , 2019, Nature Communications.

[14]  F. Sunbul.  Time-dependent stress increase along the major faults in eastern Turkey , 2019, Journal of Geodynamics.

[15]  F. Guangcai,et al.  Coseismic displacements of 2016 MW7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquake, using Sentinel-2 optical images , 2019 .

[16]  Zhenhong Li,et al.  Dual control of fault intersections on stop-start rupture in the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence , 2018, Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

[17]  Ryan Lloyd,et al.  Constant strain accumulation rate between major earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault , 2018, Nature Communications.

[18]  A. Pizzi,et al.  Fault Segmentation as Constraint to the Occurrence of the Main Shocks of the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence , 2017 .

[19]  H. Ozener,et al.  Slip rates and seismic potential on the East Anatolian Fault System using an improved GPS velocity field , 2016 .

[20]  Zhenhong Li,et al.  Resolving three-dimensional surface displacements from InSAR measurements: A review , 2014 .

[21]  T. Wright,et al.  Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block‐like behavior of Eastern Anatolia , 2014 .

[22]  S. Jónsson,et al.  Block‐like plate movements in eastern Anatolia observed by InSAR , 2014 .

[23]  Remko Scharroo,et al.  Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released , 2013 .

[24]  T. Duman,et al.  The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics , 2013 .

[25]  Christopher H. Scholz,et al.  Large Earthquake Triggering, Clustering, and the Synchronization of Faults , 2010 .

[26]  Zhiwei Li,et al.  Improved filtering parameter determination for the goldstein radar interferogram filter , 2008 .

[27]  Sébastien Leprince,et al.  Automatic and Precise Orthorectification, Coregistration, and Subpixel Correlation of Satellite Images, Application to Ground Deformation Measurements , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[28]  Sebastien Leprince,et al.  The 2005, Mw 7.6 Kashmir earthquake: Sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis , 2006 .

[29]  Yann Klinger,et al.  Evidence for an earthquake barrier model from Mw ∼ 7.8 Kokoxili (Tibet) earthquake slip-distribution , 2005 .

[30]  Demitris Paradissis,et al.  GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa‐Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions , 2005 .

[31]  D. Oglesby.  The Dynamics of Strike-Slip Step-Overs with Linking Dip-Slip Faults , 2005 .

[32]  R. Westaway.  Kinematic consistency between the Dead Sea Fault Zone and the Neogene and Quaternary left-lateral faulting in SE Turkey , 2004 .

[33]  James Jackson,et al.  Late Cenozoic reorganization of the Arabia‐Eurasia collision and the comparison of short‐term and long‐term deformation rates , 2004 .

[34]  Howard A. Zebker,et al.  Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: statistical segmentation and generalized network models , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[35]  H. Zebker,et al.  Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake, Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements , 2002 .

[36]  John McCloskey,et al.  Stress accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey , 2002 .

[37]  Allan M. Rubin,et al.  Static stress transfer and earthquake triggering: No lower threshold in sight? , 2000 .

[38]  Jean Taboury,et al.  Measuring near field coseismic displacements from SAR images: Application to the Landers Earthquake , 1999 .

[39]  E. Hauksson,et al.  The static stress change triggering model: Constraints from two southern California aftershock sequences , 1998 .

[40]  Rob Westaway,et al.  Present‐day kinematics of the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean , 1994 .

[41]  G. King,et al.  STATIC STRESS CHANGES AND THE TRIGGERING OF EARTHQUAKES , 1994 .

[42]  Y. Okada.  Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space , 1992, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[43]  K. Hudnut,et al.  Cross-fault triggering in the November 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake sequence , 1989 .

[44]  OUP accepted manuscript , 2022, Geophysical Journal International.

[45]  Zheng‐Kang Shen,et al.  Coulomb Stress Change and Evolution Induced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and its Delayed Triggering of the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan Earthquake , 2014 .

[46]  P. Stark.  Bounded-Variable Least-Squares: an Algorithm and Applications , 2008 .

[47]  Paul Mann,et al.  Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends , 2007 .

[48]  C. Werner,et al.  GAMMA SAR AND INTERFEROMETRIC PROCESSING SOFTWARE , 2000 .