Recommendations for the design of in situ sampling strategies to reconstruct fine-scale ocean currents in the context of SWOT satellite mission

The new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission aims to provide sea surface height (SSH) measurements in two dimensions along a wide-swath altimeter track with an expected effective resolution down to 15–30 km. In this context our goal is to optimize the design of in situ experiments aimed to reconstruct fine-scale ocean currents (~20 km), such as those that will be conducted to validate the first available tranche of SWOT data. A set of Observing System Simulation Experiments are developed to evaluate different sampling strategies and their impact on the reconstruction of fine-scale sea level and surface ocean velocities. The analysis focuses (i) within a swath of SWOT on the western Mediterranean Sea and (ii) within a SWOT crossover on the subpolar northwest Atlantic. From this evaluation we provide recommendations for the design of in situ experiments that share the same objective. In both regions of study distinct strategies provide reconstructions similar to the ocean truth, especially those consisting of rosette Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) casts down to 1000 m and separated by a range of distances between 5 and 15 km. A good compromise considering the advantages of each configuration is the reference design, consisting of CTD casts down to 1000 m and 10 km apart. Faster alternative strategies in the Mediterranean comprise: (i) CTD casts down to 500 m and separated by 10 km and (ii) an underway CTD with a horizontal spacing between profiles of 6 km and a vertical extension of 500 m. In the Atlantic, the geostrophic velocities reconstructed from strategies that only sample the upper 500 m depth have a maximum magnitude ~50% smaller than the ocean truth. A configuration not appropriate for our objective in both regions is the strategy consisting of an underway CTD sampling one profile every 2.5 km and down to 200 m. This suggests that the thermocline and halocline need to be sampled to reconstruct the geostrophic flow at the upper layer. Concerning seasonality, the reference configuration is a design that provides reconstructions similar to the ocean truth in both regions for the period evaluated in summer and also in winter in the Mediterranean.