Late-Life Development of Personal Life Investment: The Musts and Cans of Aging

............................................................................................... xi Kurzfassung .......................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments .................................................................................. xix A Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 B Personal Life Investment as one Element of Life Composition .............................. 5 1 The Mechanics and Pragmatics of Life ...................................................... 6 2 A Relational Model of Plasticity ............................................................... 8 3 Four Facets of Personal Life Investment ................................................... 12 Average PLI and PLI selectivity 12 Obligatory PLI and optional PLI 13 The relationship between obligatory PLI and optional PLI 16 C Relations between Personal Life Investment and Other Elements of Life Composition .. 17 1 Mechanic Bases of the Self-System ........................................................... 17 Activity level and arousability 18 The behavioral approach and inhibition systems 19 2 The Personal Goal Hierarchy ................................................................ 21 a Goal Constructs and Goal Dimensions ............................................. 24 Idiothetic goal concepts 25 Nomothetic approaches to personal goals 30 Goal dimensions 30 b Negative Aspects of Goal Striving ................................................... 33 3 Actions and Thoughts ........................................................................ 35 Actions 35 Thoughts 36 The relation between action and thought 37 4 The Self-Concept ............................................................................. 38 Personality dispositions 38 Possible selves 40 The self-definition 40 5 Functioning of Obligatory and Optional Personal Life Investment ..................... 41 Reasons for striving and regulatory focus 42 Different conceptualizations of internal and external causes 44 Different conceptualizations of approach and avoidance 46

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