The origin and migration of cortical neurons.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the origin and migration of cortical neurons. Sources of neurons destined for the cerebral cortex are discovered in the ganglionic eminence, the primordium of the basal ganglia in the ventral telencephalon lateral ventricle tend to migrate to the striatum, pallidum and neocortex, while lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) cells migrate prodominantly into the striatum and olfactory bulb. Neurons of the ganglionic eminence destined for the developing cerebral cortex express the L&I homeobox gene Lhx6. The molecular mechanisms that guide the migration of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence, around the corticostriatal notch and into the neocortex are unknown. A number of factors have been shown to stimulate motogenic activity in neural and non-neural tissue. One of these molecules, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGFISF) and its receptor MET have recently been shown to be important in the migration of cortical interneurons. Disruption of the normal expression of HGFiSF appears to result in undirected scattering of cells from the ganglionic eminence and in a significant reduction of interneurons in the cortex at the time of birth.

[1]  Lloyd Guth,et al.  Studies on vertebrate neurogenesis , 1960 .

[2]  N. Tamamaki,et al.  Origin and Route of Tangentially Migrating Neurons in the Developing Neocortical Intermediate Zone , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[3]  M. Ekker,et al.  Expression from a Dlx gene enhancer marks adult mouse cortical GABAergic neurons. , 2002, Cerebral cortex.

[4]  C. Barnstable,et al.  Molecular determinants of GABAergic local-circuit neurons in the visual cortex , 1989, Trends in Neurosciences.

[5]  Jonathan A. Cooper,et al.  Neuronal position in the developing brain is regulated by mouse disabled-1 , 1997, Nature.

[6]  G. Corfas,et al.  Neuregulin and erbB Receptors Play a Critical Role in Neuronal Migration , 1997, Neuron.

[7]  J. Parnavelas,et al.  Neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of the rat cerebral cortex originate from separate progenitor cells: an ultrastructural analysis of clonally related cells , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[8]  C. Cepko,et al.  Clonal dispersion in proliferative layers of developing cerebral cortex , 1993, Nature.

[9]  D. Morest.  A study of neurogenesis in the forebrain of opossum pouch young , 2004, Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.

[10]  William B Dobyns,et al.  Mutations in filamin 1 Prevent Migration of Cerebral Cortical Neurons in Human Periventricular Heterotopia , 1998, Neuron.

[11]  C. Métin,et al.  The Ganglionic Eminence May Be an Intermediate Target for Corticofugal and Thalamocortical Axons , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[12]  L. Puelles,et al.  DLX-2, MASH-1, and MAP-2 expression and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation define molecularly distinct cell populations in the embryonic mouse forebrain , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[13]  M. Miller,et al.  Cogeneration of retrogradely labeled corticocortical projection and GABA-immunoreactive local circuit neurons in cerebral cortex. , 1985, Brain research.

[14]  C. Walsh,et al.  Doublecortin Is a Microtubule-Associated Protein and Is Expressed Widely by Migrating Neurons , 1999, Neuron.

[15]  P. Levitt,et al.  Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Is a Motogen for Interneurons Migrating from the Ventral to Dorsal Telencephalon , 2001, Neuron.

[16]  A. L. Holden,et al.  THE CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS , 1977 .

[17]  T. Curran,et al.  A protein related to extracellular matrix proteins deleted in the mouse mutant reeler , 1995, Nature.

[18]  J. Sanes,et al.  Cell lineage in the cerebral cortex of the mouse studied in vivo and in vitro with a Recombinant Retrovirus , 1988, Neuron.

[19]  L. Thurlow,et al.  Cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex: a study using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. , 1988, Development.

[20]  T. Curran,et al.  Role of reelin in the control of brain development 1 Published on the World Wide Web on 21 October 1997. 1 , 1998, Brain Research Reviews.

[21]  J. Silver,et al.  The Earliest Patterns of Neuronal Differentiation and Migration in the Mammalian Central Nervous System , 1995, Experimental Neurology.

[22]  S. Mcconnell,et al.  Tangential migration of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. , 1995, Development.

[23]  C. Cepko,et al.  Widespread dispersion of neuronal clones across functional regions of the cerebral cortex. , 1992, Science.

[24]  C. Cepko,et al.  Lineage analysis in the vertebrate nervous system by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  R. Wong,et al.  Ventricle-directed migration in the developing cerebral cortex , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[26]  S. Anderson,et al.  Distinct cortical migrations from the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences. , 2001, Development.

[27]  C. Walsh,et al.  Systematic widespread clonal organization in cerebral cortex , 1995, Neuron.

[28]  Dan Goldowitz,et al.  Scrambler and yotari disrupt the disabled gene and produce a reeler -like phenotype in mice , 1997, Nature.

[29]  A. Lavdas,et al.  The Medial Ganglionic Eminence Gives Rise to a Population of Early Neurons in the Developing Cerebral Cortex , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[30]  T. Yagi,et al.  Proteins of the CNR Family Are Multiple Receptors for Reelin , 1999, Cell.

[31]  J G Parnavelas,et al.  Separate progenitor cells give rise to pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in the rat telencephalon. , 1991, Cerebral cortex.

[32]  Edward P. Sayre,et al.  Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of cells from serial electron microscopic montages of foetal monkey brain , 1974, Nature.

[33]  L. Tsai,et al.  Regulation of N-cadherin-mediated adhesion by the p35–Cdk5 kinase , 2000, Current Biology.

[34]  John B. Thomas,et al.  The Drosophila islet Gene Governs Axon Pathfinding and Neurotransmitter Identity , 1997, Neuron.

[35]  T. Powell,et al.  The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. , 1980, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[36]  C. Gilbert.  Microcircuitry of the visual cortex. , 1983, Annual review of neuroscience.

[37]  P. Rakić,et al.  Mechanisms of cortical development: a view from mutations in mice. , 1978, Annual review of neuroscience.

[38]  P. Rakić.  Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex , 1972, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[39]  F. Valverde,et al.  Dynamics of Cell Migration from the Lateral Ganglionic Eminence in the Rat , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  John Shelton,et al.  Reeler/Disabled-like Disruption of Neuronal Migration in Knockout Mice Lacking the VLDL Receptor and ApoE Receptor 2 , 1999, Cell.

[41]  M. Sanders.  Handbook of Sensory Physiology , 1975 .

[42]  B. Kolb,et al.  The Cerebral cortex of the rat , 1990 .

[43]  M. Seike,et al.  The reeler gene-associated antigen on cajal-retzius neurons is a crucial molecule for laminar organization of cortical neurons , 1995, Neuron.

[44]  L. Tsai,et al.  Mice Lacking p35, a Neuronal Specific Activator of Cdk5, Display Cortical Lamination Defects, Seizures, and Adult Lethality , 1997, Neuron.

[45]  C. Walsh,et al.  Birthdate and Cell Marker Analysis of Scrambler: A Novel Mutation Affecting Cortical Development with a Reeler-Like Phenotype , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[46]  P. Sharpe,et al.  Expression and regulation of Lhx6 and Lhx7, a novel subfamily of LIM homeodomain encoding genes, suggests a role in mammalian head development. , 1998, Development.

[47]  A. Fairén,et al.  What is a Cajal-Retzius cell? A reassessment of a classical cell type based on recent observations in the developing neocortex. , 1999, Cerebral cortex.

[48]  O. Marín,et al.  Loss of Nkx2.1 homeobox gene function results in a ventral to dorsal molecular respecification within the basal telencephalon: evidence for a transformation of the pallidum into the striatum. , 1999, Development.

[49]  M. Jacobson,et al.  Embryonic vertebrate central nervous system: Revised terminology , 1970 .

[50]  M. Schachner,et al.  The adhesion molecule TAG-1 mediates the migration of cortical interneurons from the ganglionic eminence along the corticofugal fiber system. , 2001, Development.

[51]  F. Guillemot,et al.  Mash1 regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon. , 1999, Development.

[52]  B. Reese,et al.  Separate Progenitors for Radial and Tangential Cell Dispersion during Development of the Cerebral Neocortex , 1998, Neuron.

[53]  B. Williams,et al.  The Generation of Cellular Diversity in the Cerebral Cortex , 1991, Brain pathology.

[54]  A. Lieberman,et al.  Neurons in layer I of the developing occipital cortex of the rat , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[55]  Jaime Grutzendler,et al.  Two modes of radial migration in early development of the cerebral cortex , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[56]  J. Parnavelas,et al.  Lineage analysis reveals neurotransmitter (GABA or glutamate) but not calcium-binding protein homogeneity in clonally related cortical neurons , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[57]  Leyuan Shi,et al.  Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: dependence on Dlx genes. , 1997, Science.

[58]  M. Mione,et al.  Cell Fate Specification and Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Divisions in the Developing Cerebral Cortex , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[59]  J. Sanes,et al.  Use of a recombinant retrovirus to study post‐implantation cell lineage in mouse embryos. , 1986, The EMBO journal.

[60]  K. Herrup,et al.  Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-Deficient Mice Demonstrate Novel Developmental Arrest in Cerebral Cortex , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[61]  J. Szentágothai.  Synaptology of the Visual Cortex , 1973 .

[62]  P. Rakic,et al.  Role of GGF/neuregulin signaling in interactions between migrating neurons and radial glia in the developing cerebral cortex. , 1997, Development.

[63]  J. García-Verdugo,et al.  Young neurons from medial ganglionic eminence disperse in adult and embryonic brain , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[64]  M. Hatten.  Central nervous system neuronal migration. , 1999, Annual review of neuroscience.

[65]  D. Ledbetter,et al.  Graded reduction of Pafah1b1 (Lis1) activity results in neuronal migration defects and early embryonic lethality , 1998, Nature Genetics.