Crafting, Communality, and Computing: Building on Existing Strengths To Support a Vulnerable Population

In Nepal, sex-trafficking survivors and the organizations that support them have limited resources to assist the survivors in their on-going journey towards reintegration. We take an asset-based approach wherein we identify and build on the strengths possessed by such groups. In this work, we present reflections from introducing a voice-annotated web application to a group of survivors. The web application tapped into and built upon two elements of pre-existing strengths possessed by the survivors — the social bond between them and knowledge of crafting as taught to them by the organization. Our findings provide insight into the array of factors influencing how the survivors act in relation to one another as they created novel use practices and adapted the technology. Experience with the application seemed to open knowledge of computing as a potential source of strength. Finally, we articulate three design desiderata that could help promote communal spaces: make activity perceptible to the group, create appropriable steps, and build in fun choices.

[1]  Allison Druin,et al.  Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families , 2003, CHI '03.

[2]  Mary Crawford,et al.  Research and Activism Review: Sex Trafficking in Nepal: A Review of Intervention and Prevention Programs , 2011, Violence against women.

[3]  Agha Ali Raza,et al.  Viral entertainment as a vehicle for disseminating speech-based services to low-literate users , 2012, ICTD '12.

[4]  Alison Mathie,et al.  Who is Driving Development? Reflections on the Transformative Potential of Asset-based Community Development , 2005 .

[5]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Optimal audio-visual representations for illiterate users of computers , 2007, WWW '07.

[6]  Araba Sey,et al.  All Work and No Play? Judging the Uses of Mobile Phones in Developing Countries , 2014 .

[7]  Katrin Baumgartner,et al.  Human Factors In Computing Systems , 2016 .

[8]  Matt Huenerfauth,et al.  Design Approaches for Developing User-Interfaces Accessible to Illiterate Users , 2002 .

[9]  Carl Bereiter,et al.  Education and Mind in the Knowledge Age , 2002 .

[10]  John Vines,et al.  Digital apartheid: an ethnographic account of racialised hci in Cape Town hip-hop , 2013, CHI.

[11]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  WeBuild: Automatically Distributing Assembly Tasks Among Collocated Workers to Improve Coordination , 2017, CHI.

[12]  Andrew M. Dearden,et al.  See no evil?: ethics in an interventionist ICTD , 2012, ICTD.

[13]  J. Davidson Sex at the Margins: Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry , 2010 .

[14]  David W. McDonald,et al.  Activity sensing in the wild: a field trial of ubifit garden , 2008, CHI.

[15]  Nick Taylor,et al.  Making Community: The Wider Role of Makerspaces in Public Life , 2016, CHI.

[16]  Ellen W. Zegura,et al.  Care and the Practice of Data Science for Social Good , 2018, COMPASS.

[17]  Maria Puig De La Bellacasa,et al.  ‘Nothing Comes Without Its World’: Thinking with Care , 2012 .

[18]  TatarDeborah The design tensions framework , 2007 .

[19]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Intermediated technology use in developing communities , 2010, CHI.

[20]  Neha Kumar,et al.  Engaging Solidarity in Data Collection Practices for Community Health , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[21]  Margot Brereton,et al.  Beyond ethnography: engagement and reciprocity as foundations for design research out here , 2014, CHI.

[22]  J. Kretzmann Building communities from the inside out. , 1995, C.H.A.C. review.

[23]  Women and citizenship post‐trafficking: the case of Nepal , 2016, The Sociological review.

[24]  Naveena Karusala,et al.  Care as a Resource in Underserved Learning Environments , 2017, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[25]  Ryder W. Miller Reflections on the , 1999 .

[26]  Neha Kumar,et al.  Social Media for Earthquake Response , 2017, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[27]  Pedro Ferreira,et al.  Why play?: examining the roles of play in ICTD , 2015, Aarhus Conference on Critical Alternatives.

[28]  Glenn Laverack,et al.  Capacity building in health promotion, Part 1: For whom? And for what purpose? , 2001 .

[29]  Daniela Karin Rosner,et al.  Hacking Culture, Not Devices: Access and Recognition in Feminist Hackerspaces , 2015, CSCW.

[30]  David Nemer,et al.  "They Don't Leave Us Alone Anywhere We Go": Gender and Digital Abuse in South Asia , 2019, CHI.

[31]  Alan J. Dix,et al.  Designing for appropriation , 2007, BCS HCI.

[32]  Paul Dourish,et al.  Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces , 1992, CSCW '92.

[33]  Nick Taylor,et al.  Reflections on Deploying Distributed Consultation Technologies with Community Organisations , 2016, CHI.

[34]  William D. Tucker,et al.  Moving ICTD Research Beyond Bungee Jumping: Practical Case Studies and Recommendations , 2016, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[35]  Daniel Fitton,et al.  Probing Technology with Technology Probes , 2004 .

[36]  Steve Harrison,et al.  Social Photo-Elicitation , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[37]  J. Sharma Sex trafficking in Nepal: women’s experiences of reintegration , 2015 .

[38]  L. Agustín Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry , 2007 .

[39]  Alexander Cho,et al.  The "Comadre" Project: An Asset-Based Design Approach to Connecting Low-Income Latinx Families to Out-of-School Learning Opportunities , 2019, CHI.

[40]  Agha Ali Raza,et al.  Threats, Abuses, Flirting, and Blackmail: Gender Inequity in Social Media Voice Forums , 2019, International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

[41]  Brandy R. Maynard,et al.  Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit Interventions , 2019, Trauma, violence & abuse.

[42]  Kylie Peppler,et al.  Short Circuits: Crafting e-Puppets with DIY Electronics , 2014 .

[43]  Melissa Densmore,et al.  Video Consumption Patterns for First Time Smartphone Users: Community Health Workers in Lesotho , 2017, CHI.

[44]  Joyojeet Pal,et al.  Capable and convivial design (CCD): a framework for designing information and communication technologies for human development , 2012, Inf. Technol. Dev..

[45]  Apala Lahiri Chavan,et al.  Design considerations for a financial management system for rural, semi-literate users , 2003, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[46]  Linda L. Putnam PRODUCTIVE CONFLICT: NEGOTIATION AS IMPLICIT COORDINATION , 1994 .

[47]  Morten Hertzum,et al.  Visible but Unseen?: A Workplace Study of Blood-Test Icons on Electronic Emergency-Department Whiteboards , 2015, CSCW.

[48]  Nina Laurie,et al.  Sexual trafficking in Nepal: constructing citizenship and livelihoods , 2009 .

[49]  Peter Tolmie,et al.  Designing for Collaborative Infrastructuring , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[50]  Kylie Peppler,et al.  Soft Circuits: Crafting e-Fashion with DIY Electronics , 2014 .

[51]  Gerry Stahl,et al.  Group cognition in computer-assisted collaborative learning , 2005, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[52]  M. Crawford,et al.  Sex Trafficking in Nepal , 2008, Violence against women.

[53]  Leah Buechley,et al.  LilyPad in the wild: how hardware's long tail is supporting new engineering and design communities , 2010, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[54]  Paul Dourish,et al.  The Appropriation of Interactive Technologies: Some Lessons from Placeless Documents , 2003, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[55]  M. Poudel Dealing with Hidden Issues: Social Rejection Experienced by Trafficked Women in Nepal , 2011 .

[56]  W. Chigona,et al.  Using diffusion of innovations framework to explain communal computing facilities adoption among the urban poor , 2008 .

[57]  Phoebe Sengers,et al.  Design Within a Patriarchal Society: Opportunities and Challenges in Designing for Rural Women in Bangladesh , 2018, CHI.

[58]  Patrick Olivier,et al.  Our Year With the Glass: Expectations, Letdowns and Ethical Dilemmas of Technology Trials With Vulnerable People , 2017, Interact. Comput..

[59]  K. Tallbear,et al.  Standing With and Speaking as Faith: A Feminist-Indigenous Approach to Inquiry , 2014 .

[60]  Steve Harrison,et al.  Participatory tensions in working with a vulnerable population , 2018, PDC.

[61]  Moshe Y. Vardi Move fast and break things , 2018, Commun. ACM.

[62]  Shaowen Bardzell,et al.  The Proper Care and Feeding of Hackerspaces: Care Ethics and Cultures of Making , 2015, CHI.

[63]  Richard J. Anderson,et al.  Mobile Phones for Maternal Health in Rural India , 2015, CHI.

[64]  L. Howard,et al.  Human Trafficking and Health: A Survey of Male and Female Survivors in England. , 2016, American journal of public health.

[65]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Designing mobile interfaces for novice and low-literacy users , 2011, TCHI.

[66]  Steven Li,et al.  Crowdsourced Fabrication , 2016, UIST.

[67]  D. Richardson,et al.  Post-trafficking bordering practices: Perverse co-production, marking and stretching borders , 2015 .

[68]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware , 2002, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).

[69]  Lilly Irani,et al.  Ways of Knowing When Research Subjects Care , 2019, CHI.

[70]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Appropriation and creative use: linking user studies and design , 2011, CHI EA '11.

[71]  Michelle Murphy,et al.  Unsettling care: Troubling transnational itineraries of care in feminist health practices , 2015, Social studies of science.

[72]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Kelsa+: Digital literacy for low-income office workers , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD).

[73]  Johnny Saldaña,et al.  The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers , 2009 .

[74]  P. Simkhada Life Histories and Survival Strategies Amongst Sexually Trafficked Girls in Nepal , 2008 .

[75]  Dan Cosley,et al.  Suhrid: A Collaborative Mobile Phone Interface for Low Literate People , 2015, ACM DEV.

[76]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Where there's a will there's a way: mobile media sharing in urban india , 2010, CHI.

[77]  Preeti Mudliar Public WiFi is for Men and Mobile Internet is for Women , 2018, Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact..

[78]  Deborah G. Tatar,et al.  The Design Tensions Framework , 2007, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[79]  Kentaro Toyama,et al.  Text-Free User Interfaces for Illiterate and Semi-Literate Users , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development.

[80]  H. Simon,et al.  Rational choice and the structure of the environment. , 1956, Psychological review.