Monte Carlo principles and applications.

A discussion of random number generation is given, and the connection between Monte Carlo methods and random numbers is indicated. Outlines of two well established Monte Carlo sampling techniques are given together with examples illustrating their use. The general techniques for improving the efficiency of Monte Carlo calculations are discussed. Monte Carlo literature pertinent to medical physics is reviewed.

[1]  J. Booz,et al.  A Monte Carlo analysis of neutron-produced single event spectra , 1971, Biophysik.

[2]  P. Holmberg,et al.  The effect of multiple scattering of gamma-rays in NaI-detectors on the calculated photopeak efficiency values , 1974 .

[3]  M. J. Berger,et al.  Monte Carlo Calculations of Gamma-Ray Backscattering , 1960 .

[4]  M. E. Schillaci,et al.  Dose distribution due to neutrons and photons resulting from negative pion capture in tissue. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[5]  G. Gaggero.  Monte Carlo calculations for the photofractions and energy loss spectra of Ge(Li) semiconductor detectors , 1971 .

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[7]  J. Hammersley.  A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates. , 1955 .

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[9]  V. Krishnaswamy.  Calculated depth dose tablets for californium-252 sources in tissue. , 1972, Physics in Medicine and Biology.

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[12]  J. Byrne,et al.  A Monte Carlo program for evaluating the response of a scintillation counter to monoenergetic gamma rays , 1972 .

[13]  D. Cormack,et al.  Monte Carlo calculations of electron energy loss. , 1959, Radiation research.

[14]  D. Teichroew.  A History of Distribution Sampling Prior to the Era of the Computer and its Relevance to Simulation , 1965 .

[15]  N. Tsoulfanidis,et al.  Calculation of gamma-ray buildup factors including the contribution of bremsstrahlung , 1973 .

[16]  M. Prasad,et al.  Computed spectra from diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray tubes. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  B. F. Peterman,et al.  MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS OF RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF Ge(Li) DETECTORS. , 1972 .

[18]  The determination of intrinsic gamma-ray detection efficiencies for cylindrical Geiger-Müller tubes by Monte Carlo methods , 1972 .

[19]  M. J. Berger.  REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF GAMMA RADIATION BY BARRIERS: MONTE CARLO CALCULATION BY A COLLISION-DENSITY METHOD , 1955 .

[20]  V. Krishaswamy.  Calculation of the dose distribution about californium-252 needles in tissue. , 1971, Radiology.

[21]  K. C. Chandler,et al.  Calculation of the dose induced in tissue by negatively charged pion beams. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[22]  E. S. Page,et al.  Pseudo‐Random Elements for Computers , 1959 .

[23]  D. W. Harris,et al.  Monte Carlo calculation of clad NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal response to gamma photons , 1973 .

[24]  G. Brownell,et al.  Absorption of Gamma Radiation in NaI Well Crystals , 1960 .

[25]  P. Holmberg,et al.  Monte Carlo calculations of efficiency values for well-type NaI-detectors with self-absorption in the source , 1973 .

[26]  G. Lamoureux,et al.  Calculated relative efficiency for coaxial and planar Ge(Li) detectors , 1969 .

[27]  J. Booz,et al.  Influence of energy straggling on the shape of neutron-produced single event spectra , 1973, Biophysik.

[28]  M. H. Branson,et al.  Depth dose determinations. II. A Monte Carlo program and a standard man phantom for neutron and gamma computations. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[29]  G Muehllehner,et al.  Septal penetration in scintillation camera collimators. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[30]  C. J. Everett,et al.  A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems , 1960 .

[31]  R. P. Chambers.  Random-number generation on digital computers , 1967, IEEE Spectrum.

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[34]  D. Hermsdorf,et al.  EFFI-EIN Monte-Carlo-programm zur berechnung der nachweiseffektivität eines neutronendetektors mit organischem szintillator , 1973 .

[35]  W. Hannan,et al.  Spectrum measurements in 15 MeV neutron therapy beams. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[36]  P. Bloch,et al.  Dose tables for californium 252 implants. , 1972, The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine.

[37]  D. Hebbard,et al.  The Effect of Multiple Scattering on Electron Energy Loss Distributions , 1955 .

[38]  John H. Hubbell,et al.  The Albedo of Various Materials for 1-Mev Photons , 1954 .

[39]  J. Leiss,et al.  RANGE STRAGGLING OF HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS IN CARBON , 1957 .

[40]  R. Schafer,et al.  A Table of Random Numbers from Selective Service Numbers , 1942 .

[41]  A. R. Reddy,et al.  An assessment of Monte Carlo calculations to determine gamma ray dose from internal emitters. , 1968, Physics in medicine and biology.

[42]  R. A. Fisher,et al.  Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research , 1956 .

[43]  W. S. Snyder,et al.  Absorbed dose, dose equivalent and LET distributions in cylindrical phantoms irradiated by a collimated beam of monoenergetic neutrons. , 1971, Health physics.

[44]  S. Minato.  Monte Carlo calculation of electron emission from aluminum and lead exposed to 1.25 MeV gamma rays. , 1973, Radiation research.

[45]  B. M. Wheatley,et al.  Calculations of the absorbed dose in a phantom from photon fluence and some applications to radiological protection. , 1969, The British journal of radiology.

[46]  R. H. Ritchie.  Isotropic incident flux in Monte Carlo calculations. , 1973, Health physics.

[47]  J. Hammersley,et al.  Monte Carlo Methods , 1965 .

[48]  G. Brownell,et al.  GAMMA-RAY DOSIMETRY OF INTERNAL EMITTERS. MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS OF ABSORBED DOSE FROM POINT SOURCES. , 1964, The British journal of radiology.

[49]  L. Koblinger,et al.  Monte Carlo calculations on chest X-ray examinations for the determination of the absorbed dose and image quality. , 1973, Physics in medicine and biology.

[50]  J. M. Sidwell,et al.  Photon fluence calculations for estimating dose distribution in the thorax. , 1973, The British journal of radiology.

[51]  M. Kendall,et al.  Tables Of Random Sampling Numbers , 1946 .