An Experimental Study for Tracking Crowd in Smart Cities

Knowledge about people density and mobility patterns is the key element toward efficient urban development in smart cities. The main challenges in large-scale people tracking are the recognition of people density in a specific area and tracking the people flow path. To address these challenges, we present SenseFlow, a lightweight people tracking system for smart cities. SenseFlow utilizes off-the-shelf sensors that sniff probe requests periodically polled by user's smartphones in a passive manner. We demonstrate the feasibility of SenseFlow by building a proof-of-concept prototype and undertaking extensive evaluations in real-world settings. We deploy the system in one laboratory to study office hours of researchers, a crowded public area in a city to evaluate the scalability and performance “in the wild,” and four classrooms in the university to monitor the number of students. We also evaluate SenseFlow with varying walking speeds and different models of smartphones to investigate the people flow tracking performance.

[1]  Julien Freudiger,et al.  How talkative is your mobile device?: an experimental study of Wi-Fi probe requests , 2015, WISEC.

[2]  Nebojsa Jojic,et al.  A Graphical Model for Audiovisual Object Tracking , 2003, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[3]  Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard,et al.  Mobile sensing of pedestrian flocks in indoor environments using WiFi signals , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications.

[4]  Levent Demir Wi-Fi tracking : what about privacy , 2013 .

[5]  Daniel S. Hirschberg,et al.  Algorithms for the Longest Common Subsequence Problem , 1977, JACM.

[6]  Chau Yuen,et al.  SenseFlow: An Experimental Study of People Tracking , 2015, RealWSN@SenSys.

[7]  Ryo Kurazume,et al.  Multi-Part People Detection Using 2D Range Data , 2010, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[8]  Swapna S. Gokhale,et al.  Human sensing for smart cities , 2013, 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2013).

[9]  Chau Yuen,et al.  Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Urban Space Utilization with Renewable Wireless Sensor Network , 2016, 2016 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Conference on Big Data Computing Applications and Technologies (BDCAT).

[10]  Philipp Marcus,et al.  Estimating crowd densities and pedestrian flows using wi-fi and bluetooth , 2014, MobiQuitous.

[11]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Understanding crowd density with a smartphone sensing system , 2018, 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[12]  Cecilia Mascolo,et al.  EmotionSense: a mobile phones based adaptive platform for experimental social psychology research , 2010, UbiComp.

[13]  A. B. M. Musa,et al.  Tracking unmodified smartphones using wi-fi monitors , 2012, SenSys '12.

[14]  Cristiano Premebida,et al.  Exploiting LIDAR-based features on pedestrian detection in urban scenarios , 2009, 2009 12th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[15]  Jun Li,et al.  Exploiting human mobility trajectory information in indoor device-free passive tracking , 2012, IPSN.

[16]  T. Teixeira,et al.  A Survey of Human-Sensing : Methods for Detecting Presence , Count , Location , Track , and Identity , 2010 .

[17]  Mikkel Baun Kjærgaard,et al.  Analysis methods for extracting knowledge from large-scale WiFi monitoring to inform building facility planning , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom).

[18]  Fan Yang,et al.  VM-tracking: Visual-motion sensing integration for real-time human tracking , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).

[19]  Gwenn Englebienne,et al.  Bayesian Fusion of Ceiling Mounted Camera and Laser Range Finder on a Mobile Robot for People Detection and Localization , 2012, HBU.

[20]  Emiliano Miluzzo,et al.  A survey of mobile phone sensing , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[21]  Antonio Fernández Caballero,et al.  Optical flow or image subtraction in human detection from infrared camera on mobile robot , 2010 .

[22]  Romit Roy Choudhury,et al.  SurroundSense: mobile phone localization via ambience fingerprinting , 2009, MobiCom '09.

[23]  M. Amaç Güvensan,et al.  On coverage issues in directional sensor networks: A survey , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[24]  Antonio Corradi,et al.  The participact mobile crowd sensing living lab: The testbed for smart cities , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[25]  Yusheng Ji,et al.  Passive, Device-Free Recognition on Your Mobile Phone: Tools, Features and a Case Study , 2013, MobiQuitous.

[26]  Hubert Klüpfel,et al.  Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and Applications , 2009, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science.

[27]  Meng Zhang,et al.  On the design of MAC protocol and transmission scheduling for Internet of Things , 2016, 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON).

[28]  Satoshi Murata,et al.  A Human-Probe System That Considers On-body Position of a Mobile Phone with Sensors , 2013, HCI.

[29]  Hong Wei,et al.  A survey of human motion analysis using depth imagery , 2013, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[30]  Scott Bell,et al.  Human Spatial Behavior, Sensor Informatics, and Disaggregate Data , 2013, COSIT.

[31]  Kevin Curran,et al.  A survey of active and passive indoor localisation systems , 2012, Comput. Commun..

[32]  Alessandro Epasto,et al.  Signals from the crowd: uncovering social relationships through smartphone probes , 2013, Internet Measurement Conference.