Measurement of urinary bladder emptying using electrical impedance

Tr~E USE or electrical impedance as a means of measuring physiological activity has been studied by life scientists for many years. Physiological quantities that have been measured by the impedance method include respiration, blood-flow and blood-volume changes, pleural effusion and pulmonary oedema, autonomic nervous-system activity, muscle contraction, nystagmus, and neuronal activity. Many applications of the use of electrical impedance for both the qualitative and quantitative measurement of physiological events in man and animal, have been reviewed by GEDDES and HOFF (1963, 1964) GEDDES and BAKER (1968), and BAKER (1971). TALIB[ et al. (1970) recorded volume-related impedance changes between potential electrodes surgically placed on

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