A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

This article reviews the current status of the concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It provides an overview of its history and origins and defines how it is commonly understood and conceptualized. Globally, CPTED is an increasingly popular crime prevention strategy supported by governments all over Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as in Asia and South Africa. This review inspects some of the evidence associated with CPTED and provides a detailed overview of the main criticisms facing this field.

[1]  Aldert Vrij,et al.  Characteristics of the built environment and fear of crime: A research note on interventions in unsafe locations , 1991 .

[2]  Martin A. Andresen,et al.  Classics in environmental criminology , 2010 .

[3]  Paul Cozens,et al.  Critically Reviewing the Theory and Practice of Secured-by-design for Residential New-build Housing in Britain , 2004 .

[4]  Theo J. Majka,et al.  Residents' Efforts at Neighborhood Stabilization: Facing the Challenges of Inner-City Neighborhoods , 1998 .

[5]  C. Jeffery,et al.  Criminal Behavior and the Physical Environment , 1976 .

[6]  Alice Coleman,et al.  Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in Planned Housing , 1985 .

[7]  G. Clancey.  Think crime! Using evidence, theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) for planning safer cities , 2015 .

[8]  Susan J. Smith.  DESIGN AGAINST CRIME? BEYOND THE RHETORIC OF RESIDENTIAL CRIME PREVENTION , 1987 .

[9]  R. Clarke.  Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies , 1992 .

[10]  Timothy Crowe,et al.  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design , 1991 .

[11]  S. Montgomery.  Chairman's introduction , 1995, Human psychopharmacology.

[12]  D. Reynald.  Factors Associated with the Guardianship of Places: Assessing the Relative Importance of the Spatio-Physical and Sociodemographic Contexts in Generating Opportunities for Capable Guardianship , 2011 .

[13]  T. R. Herzog,et al.  Preference and Perceived Danger in Field/Forest Settings , 2002 .

[14]  Maurice Broady.  Social Theory in Architectural Design , 2017 .

[15]  L. Green,et al.  Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects , 1995 .

[16]  Barbara B. Brown,et al.  Residential burglars judge risk: The role of territoriality , 1993 .

[17]  Paul Ekblom,et al.  Crime Prevention, Security and Community Safety Using the 5Is Framework , 2010 .

[18]  Pat Mayhew,et al.  Defensible Space: The Current Status of a Crime Prevention Theory , 1979 .

[19]  Timothy D. Crowe,et al.  Crime prevention through environmental design : applications of architectural design and space management concepts , 1991 .

[20]  B. Judd.  Linkages between housing, policing and other interventions for crime and harassment reduction in areas with public housing concentrations , 2004 .

[21]  N. Tilley,et al.  Situational Crime Prevention , 2022, Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict.

[22]  Patrick Parnaby,et al.  Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Discourses of Risk, Social Control, and a Neo-liberal Context , 2006 .

[23]  Ralph B. Taylor,et al.  Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications , 1996, American journal of community psychology.

[24]  Shashi Shekhar,et al.  Environmental Criminology , 2008, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[25]  Tim Reid,et al.  Evaluating Secured by Design door and window installations: Effects on residential crime , 2010 .

[26]  T. Love,et al.  Manipulating permeability as a process for controlling crime: balancing security and sustainability in local contexts , 2009 .

[27]  Paul Cozens,et al.  Crime and residential security shutters in an Australian suburb: Exploring perceptions of ‘Eyes on the Street’, social interaction and personal safety , 2013 .

[28]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[29]  P. Brantingham,et al.  Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment , 1993 .

[30]  M. Scott.  Problem-Oriented Policing: Reflections on the First 20 Years , 2000 .

[31]  Anthony Morgan,et al.  Effective crime prevention interventions for implementation bylocal government , 2012 .

[32]  G. Saville,et al.  Second-Generation.CPTED:.The.Rise.and.Fall.of.Opportunity.Theory , 2008 .

[33]  Patricia L. Brantingham,et al.  Environmental Criminology: From Theory to Urban Planning Practice , 1998 .

[34]  A. Dannenberg,et al.  Zoning out crime and improving community health in Sarasota, Florida: "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design". , 2003, American journal of public health.

[35]  Richard H. Neale,et al.  Investigating personal safety at railway stations using “virtual reality” technology , 2003 .

[36]  Executive Summary.  World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision , 2019 .

[37]  O. Newman.  Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City , 1973 .

[38]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  Fear of Crime in Relation to Three Exterior Site Features , 1992 .

[39]  Defensible Space: Deterring Crime and Building Community , 1997 .

[40]  J. Jacobs.  The Death and Life of Great American Cities , 1962 .

[41]  Karen A. Franck,et al.  The effects of building size on personal crime and fear of crime , 1982 .

[42]  Sally Engle Merry,et al.  Defensible Space Undefended , 1981 .

[43]  THE ALCHEMY OF CPTED: LESS MAGIC, MORE SCIENCE , 2007 .

[44]  Ronald V. Clarke,et al.  Designing out crime , 1980 .

[45]  C. Peek-Asa,et al.  Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. , 2000, American journal of preventive medicine.

[46]  R Francis,et al.  CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) , 1999 .

[47]  R. Armitage,et al.  Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on , 2011 .

[48]  P. Brantingham,et al.  Criminality of place , 1995 .

[49]  James F. Wilson,et al.  The police and neighborhood safety Broken Windows , 2017 .

[50]  O. Newman,et al.  Defensible Space; Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. , 1973 .

[51]  Barry Poyner,et al.  WHAT WORKS IN CRIME PREVENTION: AN OVERVIEW OF EVALUATIONS , 2006 .

[52]  Catherine E. Ross,et al.  Disorder and Decay , 1999 .

[53]  David Hillier,et al.  Crime and the design of residential property – exploring the theoretical background ‐ Part 1 , 2001 .

[54]  D. Reynald.  Guarding Against Crime: Measuring Guardianship within Routine Activity Theory , 2011 .

[55]  Patricia L. Brantingham,et al.  Crime Attractors, Generators and Detractors: Land Use and Urban Crime Opportunities , 2008 .

[56]  J. Wilson,et al.  BROKEN WINDOWS: THE POLICE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD SAFETY , 1982 .

[57]  Danielle M. Reynald,et al.  Guardians on Guardianship: Factors Affecting the Willingness to Supervise, the Ability to Detect Potential Offenders, and the Willingness to Intervene , 2010 .

[58]  Paul Cozens,et al.  Public health and the potential benefits of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. , 2007, New South Wales public health bulletin.

[59]  R. Armitage,et al.  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in the United Arab Emirates: A Suitable Case for Reorientation? , 2013 .

[60]  Ebru Cubukcu,et al.  The Influence of Micro Scale Environmental Characteristics on Crime and Fear , 2012 .

[61]  V. Gibson,et al.  CPTED, but not as we know it: Investigating the conflict of frameworks and terminology in crime prevention through environmental design , 2016 .

[62]  Lawrence E. Cohen,et al.  Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach , 1979 .

[63]  Garner Clancey,et al.  Crime Risk Assessments in New South Wales , 2011 .

[64]  Al Zelinka,et al.  SafeScape: Creating Safer, More Livable Communities Through Planning and Design , 2000 .

[65]  Douglas D. Perkins,et al.  Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context , 1990 .

[66]  Emel Göksu,et al.  Crime Prevention and the Built Environment , 2007 .

[67]  Carolyn Whitzman,et al.  Safe Cities: Guidelines for Planning, Design, and Management , 1994 .

[68]  S. J. Jang,et al.  Neighborhood Disorder, Fear, and Mistrust: The Buffering Role of Social Ties with Neighbors , 2000, American journal of community psychology.

[69]  Dr Paul Michael Cozens.  Urban Planning and Environmental Criminology: Towards a New Perspective for Safer Cities , 2011 .

[70]  Oscar Newman,et al.  Defensible Space: A New Physical Planning Tool for Urban Revitalization , 1995 .

[71]  Anthony Morgan,et al.  Evaluating crime prevention: Lessons from large-scale community crime prevention programs , 2013 .

[72]  F. E. Kuo,et al.  Environment and Crime in the Inner City , 2001 .

[73]  Richard H. Neale,et al.  Managing crime and the fear of crime at railway stations––a case study in South Wales (UK) , 2003 .

[74]  Justin B. Hollander,et al.  The appearance of security zones in US cities after 9/11 , 2005 .

[75]  Paul Cozens,et al.  Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design In Western Australia: Planning For Sustainable Urban Futures , 2008 .

[76]  John E. Eck,et al.  Preventing crime at places , 2003 .

[77]  David Hillier,et al.  Crime and the design of residential property – exploring the perceptions of planning professionals, burglars and other users , 2001 .

[78]  Paul Ekblom,et al.  The Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity: a Framework for Crime Reduction Toolkits , 2001 .

[79]  Danielle M. Reynald,et al.  Environmental Design and Crime Events , 2015 .

[80]  Cracking crime through design , 2002 .

[81]  Suzanne R. Smith.  Book Review: Utopia on Trial. Vision and Reality in Planned Housing , 1986 .

[82]  Anke Blöbaum,et al.  Perceived Danger in Urban Public Space , 2005 .

[83]  Richard H. Schneider,et al.  Planning for Crime Prevention:A Transatlantic Perspective , 2001, CrimRxiv.

[84]  Danielle M. Reynald,et al.  Guardianship in action: Developing a new tool for measurement , 2009 .

[85]  Barry Poyner.  Crime-free Housing in the 21st Century , 2005 .

[86]  S. Raudenbush,et al.  Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. , 1997, Science.

[87]  Danielle M. Reynald,et al.  The Future of Newman's Defensible Space Theory , 2009 .

[88]  Dr Paul Michael Cozens.  Planning, Crime And Urban Sustainability , 2007 .

[89]  Dr Paul Michael Cozens.  Sustainable Urban Development and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design for the British City. Towards an Effective Urban Environmentalism for the 21st Century , 2002 .

[90]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  ‘Hot spots’ of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation , 1993 .

[91]  D. Hillier,et al.  Criminogenic Associations and Characteristic British Housing Designs , 2002 .

[92]  Randall Atlas,et al.  21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention , 2008 .

[93]  Barry Poyner,et al.  Design Against Crime: Beyond Defensible Space , 1983 .

[94]  Theo J. Majka,et al.  CHANGE, COHESION, AND COMMITMENT IN A DIVERSE URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD , 1996 .

[95]  Brandon C. Welsh,et al.  Evidence-Based Crime Prevention , 2002 .

[96]  B. Poyner,et al.  Crime Free Housing , 1991 .

[97]  Ronald V. Clarke,et al.  Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps , 2005 .

[98]  C. Jeffery.  Crime Prevention and Control Through Environmental Engineering , 1969 .

[99]  Ronald V. Clarke,et al.  Motorcycle Theft, Helmet Legislation and Displacement , 1989 .

[100]  Ian Colquhoun.  Design Out Crime: Creating Safe and Sustainable Communities , 2004 .

[101]  Oscar Newman,et al.  Creating defensible space , 1996 .

[102]  Ron Wiedenhoeft,et al.  Utopia on trial: Vision and reality in planned housing: by Alice Coleman Hilary Shipman, London, UK, 1985 , 1986 .

[103]  D. Cornish.  OPPORTUNITIES, PRECIPITATORS AND CRIMINAL DECISIONS: A REPLY TO WORTLEY'S CRITIQUE OF SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION , 2003 .

[104]  P. Brantingham,et al.  Crime Pattern Theory , 2013, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

[105]  P. Shalit.  The Silent Language , 1964 .

[106]  R. Mawby,et al.  Defensible Space: A Theoretical and Empirical Appraisal , 1977 .

[107]  C. Hollin.  Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology , 1989 .

[108]  John E. Eck,et al.  Reducing Crime and Drug Dealing by Improving Place Management: A Randomized Experiment , 1999 .

[109]  Paul Ekblom,et al.  Deconstructing CPTED… and Reconstructing it for Practice, Knowledge Management and Research , 2011 .

[110]  Patrick F. Parnaby.  Crime prevention through environmental design: financial hardship, the dynamics of power, and the prospects of governance , 2007 .

[111]  R. Clarke,et al.  The Reasoning Criminal , 2014 .

[112]  Randall I. Atlas.  21st Century Security and CPTED : Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention, Second Edition , 2013 .

[113]  Ronald V. Clarke,et al.  Risky Facilities: Crime Concentration in Homogeneous Sets of Establishments and Facilities , 2007 .

[114]  G. Farrell,et al.  Climate Change and Crime , 2011 .

[115]  Thomas Gabor,et al.  Crime Displacement and Situational Prevention: Toward the Development of Some Principles , 1990 .

[116]  David Hillier,et al.  Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography , 2005 .

[117]  Patricia L. Brantingham,et al.  Residential Burglary and Urban Form , 1975 .