WordGen: A tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French

WordGen is an easy-to-use program that uses the CELEX and Lexique lexical databases for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French. Items can be generated in these four languages, specifying any combination of seven linguistic constraints: number of letters, neighborhood size, frequency, summated position-nonspecific bigram frequency, minimum position-nonspecific bigram frequency, position-specific frequency of the initial and final bigram, and orthographic relatedness. The program also has a module to calculate the respective values of these variables for items that have already been constructed, either with the program or taken from earlier studies. Stimulus queries can be entered through WordGen’s graphical user interface or by means of batch files. WordGen is especially useful for (1) Dutch and German item generation, because no such stimulus-selection tool exists for these languages, (2) the generation of nonwords for all four languages, because our program has some important advantages over previous nonword generation approaches, and (3) psycholinguistic experiments on bilingualism, because the possibility of using the same tool for different languages increases the cross-linguistic comparability of the generated item lists. WordGen is free and available athttp://expsy.ugent.be/wordgen.htm.

[1]  J. Grainger Word frequency and neighborhood frequency effects in lexical decision and naming. , 1990 .

[2]  J. Carroll,et al.  Age-of-acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns , 1973 .

[3]  D. Rumelhart,et al.  Process of recognizing tachistoscopically presented words. , 1974, Psychological review.

[4]  Andrew W. Ellis,et al.  ROLES OF WORD FREQUENCY AND AGE OF ACQUISITION IN WORD NAMING AND LEXICAL DECISION , 1995 .

[5]  Diane Swick,et al.  Orthography Influences the Perception of Speech in Alexic Patients , 2003, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[6]  Ton Dijkstra,et al.  Phonological ambiguity and context sensitivity: On sublexical clustering in visual word recognition , 2003 .

[7]  B. Weekes Differential Effects of Number of Letters on Word and Nonword Naming Latency , 1997 .

[8]  D. Besner,et al.  Reading pseudohomophones: Implications for models of pronunciation assembly and the locus of word-frequency effects in naming. , 1987 .

[9]  D. O. Robinson,et al.  The role of bigram frequency in the perception of words and nonwords , 1975, Memory & cognition.

[10]  T. Dijkstra,et al.  Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[11]  S. Andrews Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access: Activation or search? , 1989 .

[12]  Marc Brysbaert,et al.  The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language , 2000 .

[13]  Markus F. Damian,et al.  Effects of orthography on speech production in a form-preparation paradigm , 2003 .

[14]  C. P. Whaley Word–nonword classification time. , 1978 .

[15]  Lawrence Locker,et al.  Semantic and phonological influences on the processing of words and pseudohomophones , 2003, Memory & cognition.

[16]  Chris Westbury,et al.  The Probability of the Least Likely Non-Length-Controlled Bigram Affects Lexical Decision Reaction Times , 2002, Brain and Language.

[17]  K. Forster,et al.  Lexical Access and Naming Time. , 1973 .

[18]  K I Forster,et al.  The prime lexicality effect: form-priming as a function of prime awareness, lexical status, and discrimination difficulty. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[19]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Masked Orthographic and Phonological Priming in Visual Word Recognition and Naming: Cross-Task Comparisons , 1996 .

[20]  M. Coltheart,et al.  358,534 nonwords: The ARC Nonword Database , 2002, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[21]  R. Solomon,et al.  Visual duration threshold as a function of word-probability. , 1951, Journal of experimental psychology.

[22]  R. Baayen,et al.  Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model , 1997 .

[23]  Greg B. Simpson,et al.  Semantic neighborhood effects on the recognition of ambiguous words , 2003, Memory & cognition.

[24]  Louisa M. Slowiaczek,et al.  An Investigation of Phonology and Orthography in Spoken-Word Recognition , 2003, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[25]  K. Rastle,et al.  The processing of singular and plural nouns in French and English , 2004 .

[26]  Max Coltheart,et al.  Access to the internal lexicon , 1977 .

[27]  Kenneth Gilhooly,et al.  Word age-of-acquisition and residence time in lexical memory as factors in word naming , 1984 .

[28]  Patrick Bonin,et al.  Age-of-acquisition and word frequency in the lexical decision task: Further evidence from the french language , 2001 .

[29]  Cristina Izura,et al.  Age of acquisition effects in translation judgement tasks , 2004 .

[30]  Ton Dijkstra,et al.  Shared neighborhood effects in masked orthographic priming , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[31]  M Brysbaert,et al.  Prelexical phonological coding of visual words in Dutch: Automatic after all , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[32]  Sally Andrews,et al.  Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access: Lexical similarity or orthographic redundancy? , 1992 .

[33]  Marc Brysbaert,et al.  Lexique 2 : A new French lexical database , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[34]  Max Coltheart,et al.  The MRC Psycholinguistic Database , 1981 .

[35]  S. Gerhand,et al.  Word frequency effects in oral reading are not merely age-of-acquisition effects in disguise. , 1998 .

[36]  D. Balota,et al.  A word’s meaning affects the decision in lexical decision , 1984, Memory & cognition.

[37]  R. Peereman,et al.  LEXOP: A lexical database providing orthography-phonology statistics for French monosyllabic words , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[38]  J. Hyönä,et al.  The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds , 2003 .

[39]  J. Grainger,et al.  Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition , 1998 .

[40]  M. Gernsbacher Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. General.