Microcoaxial Needle Sensor for Polarographic Measurement of Local O2 Pressure in the Cellular Range of Living Tissue. Its Construction and Properties

With the progress in polarographic analysis and with the development of various types of needle sensors, in vivo determination of oxygen supply to tissue has become feasible [10-15, 19-21, 23, 43, 56, 57, 68-70, 75, 77]. The smallest types of these polarographic oxygen sensors (POS) have tip diameters of 1-5 μm.Their spatial and temporal resolutions are sufficiently high for satisfactory measurement of intercapillary oxygen partial pressure \( {p_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}} \) [4, 11‚ 24, 29-32, 40, 49, 52, 67]. However, POS of this size may still cause considerable damage to the tissue. To avoid structural damages and to allow almost punctiform measurements of \( {p_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}} \) in the cellular range, further miniaturizing has been desirable. For this purpose, the techniques and materials used so far have proved insufficient. Aside from poor polarogram characteristics, increasing instability of the measuring signal, sensitivity to mechanical pressure, high residual currents, intolerable drift of calibration curves, reduced stability, as well as insufficient insulation resistance and relatively high ionic sensitivity of the glass shaft of the sensor were observed.

[1]  M. Kessler,et al.  Monitoring of Tissue Perfusion and Cellular Function , 1976, Anesthesiology.

[2]  D. Lübbers,et al.  Local tissue PO2 and microflow of the brain cortex under varying arterial oxygen pressure. , 1976, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[3]  A Krogh,et al.  The rate of diffusion of gases through animal tissues, with some remarks on the coefficient of invasion , 1919, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  Lübbers Dw.  Methods of measuring oxygen tensions of blood and organ surfaces. , 1966 .

[5]  P. Nair,et al.  A microelectrode for measuring intracellular pH. , 1967, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[6]  D. Lübbers.  The Meaning of the Tissue Oxygen Distribution Curve and its Measurement by Means of Pt Electrodes , 1969 .

[7]  J. Gross,et al.  Modern techniques in physiological sciences , 1973 .

[8]  T. K. Goldstick,et al.  Oxygen fields induced by recessed and needle oxygen microelectrodes in homogeneous media. , 1976, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.

[9]  D. Lübbers,et al.  Significance of Local Tissue PO2 and of Extracellular Cations for Functional and Reactive Hyperemia of Microcirculation in the Brain , 1979 .

[10]  D. Lübbers,et al.  [Local pO2- and pH2-measurements with needle electrodes for the examination of the hydrogen maintenance and microcirculation of the cochleae (author's transl)]. , 1976, Archives of oto-rhino-laryngology.

[11]  Nirmala Krishaamurthy.  Advances in Biochemical Engineering , 1983 .

[12]  I. Fatt.  AN ULTRAMICRO OXYGEN ELECTRODE. , 1964, Journal of applied physiology.

[13]  Yukio Saito,et al.  A Theoretical Study on the Diffusion Current at the Stationary Electrodes of Circular and Narrow Band Types , 1968 .

[14]  B. Jørgensen,et al.  Diurnal Cycle of Oxygen and Sulfide Microgradients and Microbial Photosynthesis in a Cyanobacterial Mat Sediment , 1979, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[15]  D. Lübbers,et al.  Principle of Construction and Application of Various Platinum Electrodes , 1969 .

[16]  H. Koepchen,et al.  [Neuronal activity in the lower brain stem with reference to the circulation]. , 1967, Pflugers Archiv fur die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.

[17]  T. Blackburn,et al.  Distribution of oxygen in marine sediments measured with microelectrodes1 , 1980 .

[18]  P. Vaupel,et al.  [The oxygen supply of the kidney. I. Distribution of O2 partial pressures in the rat kidney under normal conditions (author's transl)]. , 1974, Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie.

[19]  K. Kunze.  Das Sauerstoffdruckfeld im normalen und pathologisch veränderten Muskel , 1969 .

[20]  D. Lübbers,et al.  The oxygen supply of the dog kidney: measurements of intrarenal pO 2 . , 1972, Microvascular research.

[21]  Cater Db.  The significance of oxygen tension measurements in tissues. , 1966 .

[22]  George T. Tsao,et al.  Dissolved oxygen electrodes , 1979 .

[23]  D. Lübbers,et al.  Chemoreception in the Carotid Body , 1977 .

[24]  F. Kreuzer.  Oxygen pressure recording in gases, fluids, and tissues , 1969 .

[25]  T. Blackburn,et al.  Oxygen in the Sea Bottom Measured with a Microelectrode , 1980, Science.

[26]  D. Lübbers,et al.  Oxygen transport in blood and tissue , 1968 .

[27]  F. Drenckhahn.  [Platinum cathode method of measuring oxygen tension of blood]. , 1956, Pflugers Archiv fur die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere.

[28]  Gerhard Aumüller,et al.  Die Sauerstoffversorgung der Niere , 1974 .

[29]  R. Albanese.  On microelectrode distortion of tissue oxygen tensions. , 1973, Journal of theoretical biology.

[30]  H. Bicher,et al.  Brain tissue reoxygenation time, demonstrated with a new ultramicro oxygen electrode. , 1970, Journal of applied physiology.

[31]  H. Loeschcke,et al.  Bestimmung der Diffusions-Koeffizienten von H2, O2, N2, und He in Wasser und Blutserum bei konstant gehaltener Konvektion , 1954 .

[32]  P. W. Davies,et al.  Microelectrodes for measuring local oxygen tension in animal tissues , 1942 .