LTPP DATA ANALYSIS: DAILY AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN INSITU MATERIAL PROPERTIES

As part of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Seasonal Monitoring Program (SMP), pavement sites across North America were instrumented to periodically measure the temperature and moisture conditions inside the pavement and some of the environmental factors that affect those conditions. Coupled with periodic falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests to determine the stiffness of the pavement layers, this program has produced a data set that can be used to investigate daily and seasonal changes in pavement material properties and relate those changes to the changes in structural capacity that would necessitate load restrictions. This report presents the results of such an analysis of this data set.

[1]  Craig H. Benson,et al.  Field Assessment of Changes in Pavement Moduli Caused by Freezing and Thawing , 1998 .

[2]  Matthew W Witczak,et al.  PREDICTION OF SUBGRADE MODULI FOR SOIL THAT EXHIBITS NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR , 1981 .

[3]  Robert F Hinshaw,et al.  PREDICTING SUBGRADE MOISTURE UNDER AGGREGATE SURFACING , 1991 .

[4]  H. Ali,et al.  Statistical Analyses of Temperature and Moisture Effects on Pavement Structural Properties Based on Seasonal Monitoring Data , 1996 .

[5]  J. Russell,et al.  Relationship Between Pavement Temperature and Weather Data: Wisconsin Field Study to Verify Superpave Algorithm , 1998 .

[6]  Gonzalo R. Rada,et al.  COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF LABORATORY RESILIENT MODULI RESULTS FOR GRANULAR MATERIAL , 1981 .

[7]  Sun Park,et al.  Simplified Procedure for Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Subsurface Temperatures Based on Heat Transfer Theories , 1997 .

[8]  Gonzalo R. Rada,et al.  LTPP SEASONAL MONITORING PROGRAM: INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLATION AND DATA COLLECTION GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT , 1995 .

[9]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines , 1980 .

[10]  Robert C. Deen,et al.  TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PAVEMENT DEFLECTION , 1969 .

[11]  Amy L. Simpson,et al.  ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING IN SITU SUBGRADE MODULI , 1994 .

[12]  S Baltzer,et al.  TEMPERATURE CORRECTION OF ASPHALT-MODULI FOR FWD-MEASUREMENTS , 1994 .

[13]  Mansour Solaimanian,et al.  PREDICTING MAXIMUM PAVEMENT SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE AND HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION , 1993 .

[14]  Royall D. Bradbury Reinforced concrete pavements , 1938 .

[15]  H. M. Westergaard ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS DUE TO VARIATIONS OF TEMPERATURE , 1927 .

[16]  B Frank McCullough,et al.  Use of Deflection Measurements for Determining Pavement Material Properties , 1982 .

[17]  A. Rahim,et al.  Moisture Movement Under the Pavement Structure , 1990 .

[18]  Earl H Inge,et al.  PREDICTION OF EFFECTIVE ASPHALT LAYER TEMPERATURE , 1995 .

[19]  Eric C. Drumm,et al.  Subgrade Resilient Modulus Correction for Saturation Effects , 1999 .

[20]  Glenn V. Wilson,et al.  Comprehensive Monitoring Systems for Measuring Subgrade Moisture Conditions , 1999 .

[21]  Mary S Rutherford PAVEMENT RESPONSE AND LOAD RESTRICTIONS ON SPRING THAW-WEAKENED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS , 1989 .

[22]  George Theofanis Korovesis,et al.  Analysis of slab-on-grade pavement systems subjected to wheel and temperature loadings , 1990 .

[23]  E C Drumm,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUBGRADE PROPERTIES , 1998 .

[24]  C R Freeme,et al.  EFFECTIVE MODULI AND STRESS DEPENDENCE OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS AS MEASURED IN SOME HEAVY-VEHICLE SIMULATOR TESTS , 1982 .

[25]  K P George,et al.  Characterization of subgrade soils at simulated field moisture , 1995 .

[26]  Raymond S. Rollings,et al.  Field Instrumentation and Performance Monitoring of Rigid Pavements , 1992 .

[27]  E C Drumm,et al.  DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RESILIENT RESPONSE OF FINE-GRAINED SUBGRADES , 1994 .

[28]  R. Briggs,et al.  Temperature predictions and adjustment factors for asphalt pavement , 2000 .

[29]  Marshall R Thompson,et al.  ILLI-PAVE MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS OF AASHO ROAD TEST FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS , 1985 .

[30]  J. Baker,et al.  Examining the use of time domain reflectometry for measuring liquid water content in frozen soil , 1995 .

[31]  H M Westergaard,et al.  STRESSES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS COMPUTED BY THEORETICAL ANALYSIS , 1926 .

[32]  Amir F Bissada,et al.  TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY OF DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ON ASPHALT PAVEMENTS , 1983 .

[33]  Effect of surface shielding on modification of moisture regime and displacements of swelling soil , 1986 .

[34]  T. J. Marshall,et al.  MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL DUE TO A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT , 1952 .

[35]  Anastasios M. Ioannides,et al.  Analysis of Slabs-on-Grade for a Variety of Loading and Support Conditions. , 1984 .

[36]  R S Rollings DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS RIGID AIRFIELD DESIGN PROCEDURES. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 , 1989 .

[37]  Edel R Cortez,et al.  Pavement Evaluation in Cold Regions , 2002 .

[38]  Robert L. Lytton,et al.  EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE LOAD RESPONSE OF GRANULAR BASE COURSE MATERIAL IN THIN PAVEMENTS , 1989 .

[39]  W R Hudson,et al.  Prediction Models of Resilient Modulus for Nongranular Materials , 1994 .

[40]  Murray D. Fredlund,et al.  Design of a Knowledge-Based System for Unsaturated Soil Properties , 1996 .

[41]  Shreenath Rao,et al.  Predicting Subgrade Moisture Content for Low-Volume Pavement Design Using In Situ Moisture Content Data , 1999 .

[42]  David M. Cole,et al.  Frost Action Predictive Techniques for Roads and Airfields; A Comprehensive Survey of Research Findings. , 1986 .

[43]  R F Carmichael,et al.  PREDICTING RESILIENT MODULUS: A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBGRADE SOILS (ABRIDGMENT) , 1985 .

[44]  Michael Ivan Hammons,et al.  Development of an Analysis System for Discontinuities in Rigid Airfield Pavements. , 1997 .

[45]  Jill M Ovik,et al.  Characterizing Seasonal Variations in Flexible Pavement Material Properties , 1999 .

[46]  P J Bosscher,et al.  PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON PAVEMENT SUPPORT , 1998 .

[47]  Dingqing Li,et al.  Resilient modulus for fine-grained subgrade soils , 1994 .

[48]  Jacob Uzan,et al.  Resilient characterization of pavement materials , 1992 .

[49]  E. C. Drumm,et al.  Estimation of subgrade resilient modulus from standard tests , 1990 .

[50]  Arthur L Straub,et al.  BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT TEMPERATURE RELATED TO CLIMATE , 1968 .

[51]  Marshall R Thompson,et al.  ILLI-PAVE-BASED RESPONSE ALGORITHMS FOR DESIGN OF CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS , 1985 .

[52]  B Aberg,et al.  Void Ratio of Noncohesive Soils and Similar Materials , 1992 .

[53]  S Baltzer,et al.  PREDICTION OF AC MAT TEMPERATURES FOR ROUTINE LOAD/DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS , 1994 .

[54]  T. Haliburton HIGHWAY DESIGNS TO RESIST SUBGRADE MOISTURE VARIATIONS , 1971 .

[55]  A. G. Altschaeffl,et al.  Resilient Modulus of Cohesive Soils , 1997 .

[56]  Ulf Isacsson,et al.  RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF UNBOUND ROAD MATERIALS DURING SEASONAL FROST CONDITIONS , 2002 .

[57]  Robert P Elliott,et al.  RESILIENT MODULUS AND AASHTO PAVEMENT DESIGN , 1988 .

[58]  Gary L Hoffman,et al.  Flexible Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation , 1977 .

[59]  Jiwan D. Gupta,et al.  Analysis of Resilient Modulus of Dense- and Open-Graded Aggregates , 1996 .

[60]  David J. Elton Resilient Moduli of Soils: Laboratory Conditions , 1989 .

[61]  Gary L Hoffman,et al.  MOISTURE VARIATION IN HIGHWAY SUBGRADES AND THE ASSOCIATED CHANGE IN SURFACE DEFLECTIONS , 1974 .

[62]  Owen Orr Thompson Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Behavior With Emphasis on the Behavior Ofgranular Layers , 1969 .

[63]  Robert L. Lytton,et al.  RAINFALL ESTIMATION FOR PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN , 1989 .

[64]  R S Rollins FIELD PERFORMANCE OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT , 1986 .

[65]  Tuncer B. Edil,et al.  SOIL-WATER POTENTIAL AND RESILIENT BEHAVIOR OF SUBGRADE SOILS , 1979 .

[66]  Gustav T. Rohde,et al.  DETERMINING PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL NUMBER FROM FWD TESTING , 1994 .

[67]  Anand J. Puppala,et al.  Regression Model for Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Soils , 1999 .

[68]  E. J. Yoder Principles of Pavement Design , 1959 .

[69]  C. Chan,et al.  RESILIENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBGRADE SOILS AND THEIR RELATION TO FATIGUE FAILURES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS , 1962 .

[70]  R J Schmidt USE OF ASTM TESTS TO PREDICT LOW-TEMPERATURE STIFFNESS OF ASPHALT MIXES , 1975 .

[71]  H Zhou,et al.  PAVEMENT RESPONSES TO SEASONAL VARIATIONS , 1994 .

[72]  William D. Kovacs,et al.  Seasonal variation of resilient modulus of subgrade soils , 1994 .

[73]  S F Brown,et al.  EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF A CRUSHED-LIMESTONE ROAD BASE , 1987 .

[74]  M R Thompson,et al.  MECHANISTIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR FULL-DEPTH ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS , 1984 .

[75]  G. Verbeck Carbonation of Hydrated Portland Cement , 1958 .

[76]  A T Bergan,et al.  RELATION BETWEEN RESILIENT MODULUS AND STRESS CONDITIONS FOR COHESIVE SUBGRADE SOILS , 1977 .

[77]  Barry J. Dempsey,et al.  Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model Version 2.0 , 1997 .

[78]  Tuncer B. Edil,et al.  REPETITIVE-LOAD BEHAVIOR OF UNSATURATED SOILS , 1982 .

[79]  D. E. Pufahl,et al.  AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF THE CLIMATIC EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT , 1993 .

[80]  David E. Newcomb,et al.  Predictions of Seasonal Variations in Flexible Pavements at the MN/ROAD Site , 2002 .

[81]  R L Copstead,et al.  ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL EFFECTS FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE. VOLUME 3 , 1996 .

[82]  N K Vaswani CASE STUDIES OF VARIATIONS IN SUBGRADE MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE UNDER ROAD PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA , 1975 .

[83]  Susan R. Bigl,et al.  MODELING OF MN/ROAD TEST SECTIONS WITH THE CRREL MECHANISTIC PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE , 1996 .

[84]  Vincent C. Janoo,et al.  Seasonal Variation of Moisture and Subsurface Layer Moduli , 2000 .

[85]  Kenneth O. Anderson,et al.  Evaluation of Seasonal Variability in Cohesive Subgrades Using Backcalculation , 1996 .

[86]  Alex T. Visser,et al.  STUDY OF RESILIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL SOILS FOR USE IN LOW-VOLUME PAVEMENT DESIGN , 1983 .

[87]  J P Mahoney,et al.  GUIDELINES FOR SPRING HIGHWAY USE RESTRICTIONS , 1987 .

[88]  Anastasios M. Ioannides THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE AASHTO 1986 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHOD 2 FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION , 1991 .

[89]  D. Fredlund,et al.  Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve , 1994 .

[90]  Yang H. Huang,et al.  Pavement Analysis and Design , 1997 .

[91]  M I Hammons,et al.  DEVELOPMENTS IN RIGID PAVEMENT RESPONSE MODELING , 1996 .

[92]  N. Kaner,et al.  Dielectric methods for investigating moist soils , 1967 .

[93]  C van Gurp EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND SEASON ON DEFLECTION DATA , 1994 .

[94]  Ben Worel,et al.  Springtime Thaw Weakening and Load Restrictions in Minnesota , 1998 .

[95]  Lynette A. Barna,et al.  EVALUATION OF AIRPORT SUBSURFACE MATERIALS , 1997 .

[96]  B O Hibbs,et al.  NEW TEMPERATURE CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR FWD DEFLECTIONS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS , 1994 .

[97]  Kenneth Russam,et al.  SUBGRADE MOISTURE STUDIES BY THE BRITISH ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY , 1970 .

[98]  G. L. Guymon,et al.  Mathematical Model of Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement in Pavements , 1993 .

[99]  D. Fredlund,et al.  Prediction of the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve from Grain-Size Distribution and Volume-Mass Properties , 1998 .

[100]  Glenn D. Durell,et al.  RESILIENT MODULUS FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE SUBGRADE SOILS FOR USE IN MECHANISTIC AASHTO DESIGN , 1999 .

[101]  O T Farouki,et al.  DETAILED STUDY ON THE CLIMATIC AND SEASONAL VARIATION EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND , 1994 .

[102]  Barry J Dempsey,et al.  THE CLIMATIC-MATERIALS-STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT , 1983 .

[103]  Q. L. Robnett,et al.  Resilient Properties of Subgrade Soils , 1973 .

[104]  P. Lambe,et al.  Resilient Modulus Measurement of Fine-Grained Subgrade Soils , 1999 .

[105]  J A Frantzen,et al.  INVESTIGATION OF MOISTURE-INDUCED VARIATION IN SUBGRADE MODULUS BY CROSS-CORRELATION METHOD , 1983 .

[106]  A. Casagrande,et al.  BASE COURSE DRAINAGE FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS , 1952 .

[107]  D Croney,et al.  MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN SOIL IN RELATION TO HIGHWAY DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE , 1958 .

[108]  L Domenichini,et al.  INFLUENCE OF STRESS RANGE ON PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT FATIGUE DESIGN , 1981 .