The plant biotechnology flight: is Africa on board?

The development of plant biotechnologies has been very rapid in recent times, especially in the developed countries. The technologies have created a new branch of biotechnology known as molecular farming, where plants are engineered to produce pharmaceutical and technical proteins in large quantities. An evaluation of the status of plant biotechnology development in Africa revealed that majority of the countries that are involved in biotech activities are still at the level of tissue culture applications. This calls for urgent and sincere commitments on the part of the various stakeholders in Africa, especially the governments, to the development of biotechnology capacity.

[1]  J. Machuka Agricultural biotechnology for Africa. African scientists and farmers must feed their own people. , 2001, Plant physiology.

[2]  Thomas Kazen Purification , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[3]  R. Reski,et al.  Glyco-engineering of moss lacking plant-specific sugar residues. , 2005, Plant biology.

[4]  J. Ma,et al.  Genetically modified plants and human health , 2008, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[5]  J. L. Gould,et al.  TIT FOR TAT , 1984 .

[6]  M. Boojar,et al.  Regular Paper , 2013 .

[7]  J. Thomson The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[8]  Monica A. Schmidt,et al.  Production of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT) B subunit in soybean seed and analysis of its immunogenicity as an oral vaccine. , 2007, Vaccine.

[9]  O. Lau,et al.  Plant seeds as bioreactors for recombinant protein production. , 2009, Biotechnology advances.

[10]  O. Edelbaum,et al.  Expression of Active Human Interferon-β in Transgenic Plants , 1992 .

[11]  H. Borer In name only , 2005 .

[12]  Elias Mossialos,et al.  ‘Ambivalent’ individual preferences towards biotechnology in the European Union: products or processes? , 2005 .

[13]  S. Ayele,et al.  Partnerships in African crop biotech , 2006, Nature Biotechnology.

[14]  S. Korban,et al.  Expression of an Escherichia coli antigenic fusion protein comprising the heat labile toxin B subunit and the heat stable toxin, and its assembly as a functional oligomer in transplastomic tobacco plants. , 2009, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[15]  Albert Sasson Agricultural Biotechnology in Africa , 2004 .

[16]  S. Streatfield,et al.  Plant-based vaccines. , 2003, International journal for parasitology.

[17]  P. Lerouge,et al.  N-Glycosylation of a mouse IgG expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. , 1999, Glycobiology.

[18]  C. Marusic,et al.  Plant pharming of a full-sized, tumour-targeting antibody using different expression strategies. , 2009, Plant biotechnology journal.

[19]  K. Cao,et al.  Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen fused with preS1 epitopes expressed in rice seeds , 2008, Transgenic Research.

[20]  A. Khandelwal,et al.  Expression of hemagglutinin protein of Rinderpest virus in transgenic pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] plants , 2003, Plant Cell Reports.

[21]  P. Elzen,et al.  Production of Correctly Processed Human Serum Albumin in Transgenic Plants , 1990, Bio/Technology.

[22]  P. Christou,et al.  Cost-effective production of a vaginal protein microbicide to prevent HIV transmission , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  H. Mason,et al.  Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants , 1995, Science.

[24]  A. Steinmetz,et al.  Neutralizing immunogenicity of transgenic carrot (Daucus carota L.)-derived measles virus hemagglutinin , 2003, Plant Molecular Biology.

[25]  M. Aickin,et al.  Researching complementary and alternative treatments – the gatekeepers are not at home , 2007, BMC Medical Research Methodology.

[26]  C. Borroto,et al.  An integral approach towards a practical application for a plant-made monoclonal antibody in vaccine purification. , 2005, Vaccine.

[27]  R. Bennett,et al.  Farm-Level Economic Performance of Genetically Modified Cotton in Maharashtra, India , 2006 .

[28]  M. Theisen,et al.  Triple helix assembly and processing of human collagen produced in transgenic tobacco plants , 2000, FEBS letters.

[29]  P. Lerouge,et al.  Transient co-expression for fast and high-yield production of antibodies with human-like N-glycans in plants. , 2009, Plant biotechnology journal.

[30]  M. Levine,et al.  Human immune responses to a novel norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes. , 2000, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[31]  P. Lerouge,et al.  Galactose-extended glycans of antibodies produced by transgenic plants , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Zhe-zhi Wang,et al.  Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein in transgenic tobacco plants. , 2005, Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica.

[33]  V. Konde The Biotechnology Revolution and its Implications for Food Security in Africa , 2006 .

[34]  D. M. Lam,et al.  Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  Nicholas Ozor,et al.  Challenges and impacts of agricultural biotechnology on developing societies , 2008 .

[36]  J. Claverie Recombinant Protein Expression , 2004 .

[37]  N. Fairweather,et al.  Protection against tetanus toxin using a plant‐based vaccine , 2005, European journal of immunology.

[38]  H. Daniell,et al.  Expression of an environmentally friendly synthetic protein-based polymer gene in transgenic tobacco plants , 1996, Plant Cell Reports.

[39]  V. S. Reddy,et al.  Chloroplast expression of His-tagged GUS-fusions: a general strategy to overproduce and purify foreign proteins using transplastomic plants as bioreactors , 2004, Molecular Breeding.

[40]  Deborah P Delmer,et al.  Agriculture in the developing world: Connecting innovations in plant research to downstream applications. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  Richard A Lerner,et al.  Expression and assembly of a fully active antibody in algae , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  Gary P. Fitt,et al.  Implementation and Impact of Transgenic Bt Cottons in Australia , 2004 .

[43]  H. Daniell,et al.  Field production and functional evaluation of chloroplast-derived interferon-alpha2b. , 2007, Plant biotechnology journal.

[44]  R. Levy,et al.  Plant-produced idiotype vaccines for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical study , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[45]  Y. Qi,et al.  Assessment of the utility of the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter for driving vaccine antigen expression , 2008, Genetica.

[46]  M. Levine,et al.  Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[47]  Robert L. Paarlberg,et al.  Starved for Science: How Biotechnology Is Being Kept Out of Africa , 2008 .

[48]  K. Musiychuk,et al.  A plant-produced plague vaccine candidate confers protection to monkeys. , 2007, Vaccine.

[49]  R. Visser,et al.  Expression of an expansin carbohydrate-binding module affects xylem and phloem formation , 2007 .

[50]  E. Aronson,et al.  My enemy's enemy is my friend. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Julie A. Morris,et al.  Expression of exogenous protein in the egg white of transgenic chickens , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[52]  S. Marillonnet,et al.  Protection conferred by recombinant Yersinia pestis antigens produced by a rapid and highly scalable plant expression system. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  Matin Qaim,et al.  Bt Cotton in India: Field Trial Results and Economic Projections , 2003 .

[54]  P. Verma,et al.  Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens , 2009, Biotechnology Advances.

[55]  M. Gómez-Lim,et al.  Expression of Functional Interleukin-12 from Mouse in Transgenic Tomato Plants , 2005, Transgenic Research.

[56]  Jikun Huang,et al.  'Bt cotton' benefits, costs and impacts in China , 2003 .

[57]  M. Gómez-Lim,et al.  Transgenic tomato expressing interleukin‐12 has a therapeutic effect in a murine model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis , 2008, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[58]  G. Sheppard NO-GO AREAS , 2002 .

[59]  R. Reski,et al.  The moss bioreactor. , 2004, Current opinion in plant biology.

[60]  Mariam B. Sticklen,et al.  Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable cellulosic ethanol , 2010, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[61]  A. Hiatt,et al.  Production of antibodies in transgenic plants , 1989, Nature.

[62]  U. Sonnewald,et al.  Molecular Farming in Plants , 2012 .

[63]  H. Daniell,et al.  Overexpression of the Bt cry2Aa2 operon in chloroplasts leads to formation of insecticidal crystals , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[64]  M. Sharma,et al.  Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities , 2009, Biotechnology Advances.

[65]  Rainer Fischer,et al.  Evolution of a regulatory framework for pharmaceuticals derived from genetically modified plants. , 2008, Trends in biotechnology.

[66]  P. Christou,et al.  A recombinant multimeric immunoglobulin expressed in rice shows assembly-dependent subcellular localization in endosperm cells. , 2004, Plant biotechnology journal.

[67]  Amit Ghosh,et al.  Expression of toxin co-regulated pilus subunit A (TCPA) of Vibrio cholerae and its immunogenic epitopes fused to cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) , 2008, Plant Cell Reports.

[68]  John A. Howard,et al.  Commercial production of avidin from transgenic maize: characterization of transformant, production, processing, extraction and purification , 1997, Molecular Breeding.

[69]  Jeffrey R. Lane,et al.  Maize (Zea mays)‐derived bovine trypsin: characterization of the first large‐scale, commercial protein product from transgenic plants , 2003, Biotechnology and applied biochemistry.

[70]  R. Bock,et al.  Exhaustion of the chloroplast protein synthesis capacity by massive expression of a highly stable protein antibiotic. , 2009, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[71]  J. A. Carroll,et al.  High-yield production of a human therapeutic protein in tobacco chloroplasts , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[72]  Joel I. Cohen,et al.  Poorer nations turn to publicly developed GM crops , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[73]  L. Baillie,et al.  Human-derived, plant-produced monoclonal antibody for the treatment of anthrax. , 2005, Vaccine.

[74]  E. Rybicki,et al.  Transient expression of Human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein in Nicotiana benthamiana using an infectious tobamovirus vector. , 2006, Virus research.

[75]  David Lee,et al.  Genetically Engineered Crops for Biofuel Production: Regulatory Perspectives , 2008, Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews.

[76]  Rainer Fischer,et al.  Opportunities for recombinant antigen and antibody expression in transgenic plants--technology assessment. , 2005, Vaccine.

[77]  R. Fischer,et al.  Optimization of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) L1 expression in plants: comparison of the suitability of different HPV-16 L1 gene variants and different cell-compartment localization. , 2007, The Journal of general virology.

[78]  A. Daar,et al.  The 20-year African biotech plan , 2008, Nature Biotechnology.

[79]  O. Edelbaum,et al.  Expression of active human interferon-beta in transgenic plants. , 1992, Journal of interferon research.

[80]  J. Kaiser Is the Drought Over for Pharming? , 2008, Science.

[81]  R. Bennett,et al.  Bt-cotton boosts the gross margin of small-scale cotton producers in South Africa , 2005 .

[82]  Jie Yu,et al.  A plant-based multicomponent vaccine protects mice from enteric diseases , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[83]  Yuanlei Hu,et al.  Expression and characteristic of synthetic human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in transgenic tobacco plants , 2007, Biotechnology Letters.

[84]  E. Rybicki,et al.  Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa. , 2007, Plant biotechnology journal.

[85]  Carola Engler,et al.  Rapid high-yield expression of full-size IgG antibodies in plants coinfected with noncompeting viral vectors , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[86]  F. Wambugu Why Africa needs agricultural biotech , 1999, Nature.

[87]  G. Sinha GM Technology Develops in the Developing World , 2007, Science.

[88]  C. Hung,et al.  Overexpression of human erythropoietin in tobacco does not affect plant fertility or morphology , 2009, Plant Biotechnology Reports.

[89]  C. Nykiforuk,et al.  Transgenic expression and recovery of biologically active recombinant human insulin from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. , 2006, Plant biotechnology journal.

[90]  K. Rietveld,et al.  Direct screening for high-level expression of an introduced α-amylase gene in plants , 1992, Plant Molecular Biology.

[91]  H. Kiyono,et al.  Rice-based mucosal vaccine as a global strategy for cold-chain- and needle-free vaccination , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[92]  T. Lehner,et al.  Generation and assembly of secretory antibodies in plants , 1995, Science.

[93]  M. Rodriguez-Franco,et al.  High‐level expression of secreted complex glycosylated recombinant human erythropoietin in the Physcomitrella Δ‐fuc‐t Δ‐xyl‐t mutant , 2007 .

[94]  Andrea Barta,et al.  The expression of a nopaline synthase — human growth hormone chimaeric gene in transformed tobacco and sunflower callus tissue , 1986, Plant Molecular Biology.

[95]  Olawole O. Obembe,et al.  India's biotechnology boom: A lesson for Africa , 2009 .

[96]  S. Wesselingh,et al.  Plant-derived measles virus hemagglutinin protein induces neutralizing antibodies in mice. , 2001, Vaccine.

[97]  E. Rybicki Plant-produced vaccines: promise and reality. , 2009, Drug discovery today.

[98]  D. Andersen,et al.  Recombinant protein expression for therapeutic applications. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[99]  P. Beyer,et al.  Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. , 2000, Science.