Heterogeneous photocatalysis: Transition metal ions in photocatalytic systems

Abstract The presence of transition metal ions in photocatalytic reactions is reviewed according to two main approaches: (a) the influence of transition metal ions on the rate of photocatalytic reactions (mainly oxidation) and (b) the transformation of the ions to less toxic species or their deposition on the semiconductor catalyst surface for recovery of expensive and useful metals. Most of the proposed mechanisms are discussed, together with experimental physicochemical evidences that support the involved pathways. Practical applications related to environmental protection and industrial processes are described.

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