Application of field modelling technique to simulate interaction of sprinkler and fire-induced smoke layer

Abstract The interaction between the sprinkler water spray and the fire induced convective air flow is studied using the field modelling technique. A system of equations describing conservation of momentum, enthalpy and mass is used to simulate the physical picture. Solution of the problem. is divided into two parts: gas phase and liquid phase. In the gas phase, a two-equation k – e model is used to account for the turbulent effect with the solid wall boundary described by the traditional wall functions. Numerical finite difference method is employed to solve the system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations. The equations are firstly discretized by the Power Law scheme and then solved using the Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) algorithm. For the liquid phase, the sprinkler water spray is described by a collection of water droplets with different values of initial velocity components and diameter calculated from the Rossin-Rammler distribution function. The motion of each...

[1]  J. Ris.  Fire radiation—A review , 1979 .

[2]  Adrian Bowyer,et al.  A Programmer's Geometry , 1983 .

[3]  Bruce J. Wendt,et al.  Discharge distribution performance for an axisymmetric model of a fire sprinkler head , 1988 .

[4]  D. Brian Spalding,et al.  Turbulence models; a lecture course , 1982 .

[5]  B. Launder,et al.  The numerical computation of turbulent flows , 1990 .

[6]  Hsiang-Cheng Kung,et al.  Sprinklered executive office fire tests. , 1988 .

[7]  Ronald L. Alpert.  Numerical modeling of the interaction between automatic sprinkler sprays and fire plumes , 1985 .

[8]  H. C. Mongia,et al.  On the modeling of turbulent evaporating sprays: Eulerian versus lagrangian approach , 1987 .

[9]  C. Crowe,et al.  The Particle-Source-In Cell (PSI-CELL) Model for Gas-Droplet Flows , 1977 .

[10]  Patricia A. Tatem,et al.  Numerical predictions for a simulated methane fire , 1990 .

[11]  R. L. Alpert.  Calculation of response time of ceiling-mounted fire detectors , 1972 .

[12]  A. S. Kalelkar,et al.  Effect of drop size on sprinkler performance , 1970 .

[13]  Hong Yu,et al.  Investigation Of Spray Patterns Of Selected Sprinklers With The Fmrc Drop Size Measuring System , 1986 .

[14]  Hsiang-Cheng Kung,et al.  Residential sidewall sprinkler fire tests with limited water supply. , 1988 .

[15]  H. P. Morgan.  HEAT TRANSFER FROM A BUOYANT SMOKE LAYER BENEATH A CEILING TO A SPRINKLER SPRAY: A TENTATIVE THEORY , 1977 .

[16]  H. P. Morgan,et al.  Heat transfer from a buoyant smoke layer beneath a ceiling to a sprinkler spray. 2—an experiment , 1979 .

[17]  J. Lumley,et al.  A First Course in Turbulence , 1972 .

[18]  David R. Basco,et al.  Computational fluid dynamics - an introduction for engineers , 1989 .

[19]  Wan Ki Chow.  On the evaporation effect of a sprinkler water spray , 1989 .

[20]  P. L. Hinkley.  The effect of smoke venting on the operation of sprinklers subsequent to the first , 1989 .

[21]  J. Dukowicz.  A particle-fluid numerical model for liquid sprays , 1980 .

[22]  S. Whitaker.  Forced convection heat transfer correlations for flow in pipes, past flat plates, single cylinders, single spheres, and for flow in packed beds and tube bundles , 1972 .

[23]  Hsiang-Cheng Kung.  Cooling of Room Fires by Sprinkler Spray , 1977 .

[24]  C. Fletcher.  Computational techniques for fluid dynamics , 1992 .

[25]  F Smith.  HOW SUCCESSFUL ARE SPRINKLERS , 1982 .

[26]  W. K. Chow,et al.  A SHORT NOTE ON ACHIEVING CONVERGENT RESULTS IN SIMULATING BUILDING FIRE USING THE k-∊ TURBULENT MODEL , 1990 .

[27]  D. J. Rasbash,et al.  Mechanisms of extinction of liquid fires with water sprays , 1960 .

[28]  Leonard Y. Cooper.  The interaction of an isolated sprinkler spray and a two-layer compartment fire environment , 1991 .

[29]  Roman Weber,et al.  Assessment of turbulence modeling for engineering prediction of swirling vortices in the near burner zone , 1990 .

[30]  Daniel D. McCracken,et al.  Numerical methods with Fortran IV case studies , 1967 .

[31]  Ashok T. Modak,et al.  Radiation from products of combustion , 1979 .

[32]  Modeling coal-fired cyclone combustors , 1986 .

[33]  P. L. Hinkley.  The effect of vents on the opening of the first sprinklers , 1986 .

[34]  M. L. Bullen.  The effect of a sprinkler on the stability of a smoke layer beneath a ceiling , 1974 .

[35]  R. L. Alpert.  Calculated interaction of sprays with large-scale buoyant flows , 1984 .

[36]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  Mathematical modelling of fire sprinkler systems , 1989 .

[37]  A. D. Gosman,et al.  The computation of compressible and incompressible recirculating flows by a non-iterative implicit scheme , 1986 .

[38]  S. Takahashi.  Experiments And Theory In The Extinction Of A Wood Crib , 1986 .

[39]  S. Patankar.  Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow , 2018, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering.

[40]  Said Elghobashi,et al.  A two‐equation turbulence model for two‐phase flows , 1983 .

[41]  A. Gosman,et al.  Solution of the implicitly discretised reacting flow equations by operator-splitting , 1986 .

[42]  J. L. Lee.  Extinguishment Of Rack Storage Fires Of Corrugated Cartons Using Water , 1986 .

[43]  S. P. Rogers,et al.  THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXTRA LIGHT HAZARD SPRINKLER INSTALLATION , 1977 .

[44]  M. C. Yuen,et al.  On Drag of Evaporating Liquid Droplets , 1976 .

[45]  Jim Swithenbank,et al.  Three-Dimensional Model of Spray Combustion in Gas Turbine Combustors , 1982 .

[46]  W. Sirignano,et al.  Droplet vaporization model for spray combustion calculations , 1989 .

[47]  Santosh Kumar,et al.  Mathematical modeling of natural convection in fire—A state of the art review of the field modelling of variable density turbulent flow , 1983 .

[48]  S. Sako,et al.  Response Time Of Automatic Sprinklers Below A Confined Ceiling , 1989 .

[49]  T. S. Ravigururajan,et al.  A model for attenuation of fire radiation through water droplets , 1989 .

[50]  D. Spalding.  A novel finite difference formulation for differential expressions involving both first and second derivatives , 1972 .