Phase-contrast virtual chest radiography

Significance Chest radiography plays an important role in respiratory disease detection, yet the way it is used today is fundamentally limited by the underlying contrast mechanism: X-ray attenuation. This renders subtle pathological changes in the lungs invisible in conventional chest radiography as these do not sufficiently change the overall attenuation through the thorax. The last decades have seen tremendous progress in utilizing the phase shift of X-ray radiation to improve imaging sensitivity. However, human chest imaging with phase contrast remains largely unexplored. In our work, we generate realistic virtual chest radiographs to show that phase-contrast chest radiography can visualize the smallest airways and their disease-related obstruction, which cannot be observed today using the conventional technique.

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