Challenges and Recent Developments of Sonochemical Processes

Despite ultrasound technique being one of the “green” technologies in environmental remediation and with many possible diverse field applications, there are hardly any physicochemical transformations carried out in industrial scale of operation due to the lack of unified design and scale-up strategies. Issues in scaling up of sonoreactors to meet industrial needs such as process efficiency and rates, energy conversion, high volume processes, and others present a considerable challenge toward further development of this technique. It is important to ensure that maximum efficiency can be attained in the design of industrial-scale sonoreactors due to the difficulty in replicating the exact reactor geometry and sonochemistry environment similar to laboratory-scale reactors as acoustic cavitation near ultrasonic transducers are relatively higher. Some design improvements to be investigated include transducer arrays and a larger exposed surface for ultrasound source, continuous flow reactor designs, and stirring during sonication. This chapter aims to identify some of the key issues in sonochemical processes for industrial-scale application and to update on some of the recent designs in sonochemical reactors.

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