Tobacco and myocardial infarction in middle‐aged women: a study of factors modifying the risk

Background.  Although myocardial infarction (MI) is strongly related to smoking, few have studied why some smokers are more vulnerable than others. This study explored how the risk of MI in current and former smokers is modified by other cardiovascular risk factors.

[1]  R. Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[2]  G. Berglund,et al.  Changes in blood pressure and body weight following smoking cessation in women , 2004, Journal of internal medicine.

[3]  P. Nilsson,et al.  Obesity and myocardial infarction – vulnerability related to occupational level and marital status. A 23‐year follow‐up of an urban male Swedish population , 2002, Journal of internal medicine.

[4]  A. Ahlbom,et al.  Family History of Coronary Heart Disease, a Strong Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction Interacting with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP) , 2001, Epidemiology.

[5]  M. Marmot,et al.  Smoke intake among smokers is higher in lower socioeconomic groups , 2000, Tobacco control.

[6]  G. Berglund,et al.  Incidence of myocardial infarction in women. A cohort study of risk factors and modifiers of effect , 2000, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[7]  S. Wilkes,et al.  A cross-sectional study comparing the motivation for smoking cessation in apparently healthy patients who smoke to those who smoke and have ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes. , 1999, Family practice.

[8]  V. Beral,et al.  Hormone Replacement Therapy: Patient Education Crucial , 1999, The Lancet.

[9]  H Janson,et al.  Longitudinal patterns of tobacco smoking from childhood to middle age. , 1999, Addictive behaviors.

[10]  D. Hatsukami,et al.  Eating behavior and weight control among women using smokeless tobacco, cigarettes, and normal controls. , 1998, Addictive behaviors.

[11]  K. McKenna,et al.  Factors influencing smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. , 1997, Patient education and counseling.

[12]  J. Manson,et al.  Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group. , 1997, Circulation.

[13]  W. Freidl,et al.  The relationship between body weight and patterns of smoking in women and men. , 1996, International journal of epidemiology.

[14]  F. Diderichsen,et al.  A SAS program calculating three measures of interaction with confidence intervals. , 1996, Epidemiology.

[15]  K. Eriksson,et al.  Cardiovascular risk groups and mortality in an urban Swedish male population: the Malmö Preventive Project , 1996, Journal of internal medicine.

[16]  A. Ahlbom,et al.  How to evaluate interaction between causes: a review of practices in cardiovascular epidemiology , 1996, Journal of internal medicine.

[17]  T. Hedner,et al.  Smoking affects blood pressure. , 1996, Blood pressure.

[18]  E. Arnesen,et al.  Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. , 1996, Circulation.

[19]  R Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors , 1994, BMJ.

[20]  R. Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors , 1994, BMJ.

[21]  J Pekkanen,et al.  Cardiovascular risks and socioeconomic status: differences between men and women in Finland. , 1994, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[22]  C. Perry,et al.  The report of the Surgeon General: preventing tobacco use among young people. , 1994, American journal of public health.

[23]  J E Keil,et al.  Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. , 1993, Circulation.

[24]  S. Folkman,et al.  Socioeconomic inequalities in health. No easy solution. , 1993 .

[25]  A. Brancker Causes of death 1990. , 1992 .

[26]  B. Johansson,et al.  Epidemiologic aspects of coronary heart disease in Malmö, Sweden, 1935-1988. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[27]  W. Willett,et al.  Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  E. Trell Community-based preventive medical department for individual risk factor assessment and intervention in an urban population. , 1983, Preventive medicine.

[29]  L. Wilkins Guidelines for the treatment of mild hypertension: memorandum from a WHO/ISH meeting. , 1983, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[30]  W. Reitsma,et al.  [WHO Expert Committee on diabetes mellitus]. , 1981, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.

[31]  A. Lilienfeld Foundations of Epidemiology , 1980 .

[32]  C. Seltzer Effect of smoking on blood pressure. , 1974, American heart journal.

[33]  J. Carroll,et al.  A colorimetric serum glucose determination using hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. , 1970, Biochemical medicine.

[34]  R. M. Shick,et al.  THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF SMOKING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYPERTENSION , 1960, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[35]  G. Berglund,et al.  Incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and death in postmenopausal women affirming use of hormone replacement therapy. , 2002, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[36]  Jacqueline Tratt No Easy Solution , 1996 .

[37]  Y. Harel,et al.  The health of youth. A cross-national survey. , 1996, WHO regional publications. European series.

[38]  Guidelines for the treatment of mild hypertension. Memorandum from a WHO/ISH meeting. , 1983, Hypertension.

[39]  T. Francis Epidemiological aspects of coronary heart disease. , 1967, Pathologia et microbiologia.