Interleukin-2: inception, impact, and implications.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune response. A T lymphocyte product, IL-2 also stimulates T cells to undergo cell cycle progression via a finite number of interactions with its specific membrane receptors. Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.

[1]  W. Chan,et al.  The p75 peptide is the receptor for interleukin 2 expressed on large granular lymphocytes and is responsible for the interleukin 2 activation of these cells. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  R. Robb.  Conversion of low-affinity interleukin 2 receptors to a high-affinity state following fusion of cell membranes. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  S. Kondo,et al.  Expression of functional human interleukin-2 receptor in mouse T cells by cDNA transfection , 1986, Nature.

[4]  T. Waldmann,et al.  A monoclonal antibody that appears to recognize the receptor for human T-cell growth factor; partial characterization of the receptor , 1982, Nature.

[5]  W. Greene,et al.  Low and high affinity cellular receptors for interleukin 2. Implications for the level of Tac antigen , 1984, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[6]  D. Cantrell,et al.  The interleukin-2 T-cell system: a new cell growth model. , 1984, Science.

[7]  J. Darnell.  Implications of RNA-RNA splicing in evolution of eukaryotic cells. , 1978, Science.

[8]  G. Marshall,et al.  Constant-infusion recombinant interleukin-2 in adoptive immunotherapy of advanced cancer. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  M. Bevan,et al.  Specificity of T-cell clones illustrates altered self hypothesis , 1981, Nature.

[10]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Importance of disulfide linkage for constructing the biologically active human interleukin-2. , 1987, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[11]  K. Smith.  T-cell growth factor and glucocorticoids: opposing regulatory hormones in neoplastic T-cell growth. , 1982, Immunobiology.

[12]  T. Waldmann,et al.  A monoclonal antibody (anti-Tac) reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells. I. Production of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody and distribution of Tac (+) cells. , 1981, Journal of immunology.

[13]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  Long term culture of tumour-specific cytotoxic T cells , 1977, Nature.

[14]  A. Munck,et al.  T cell growth factor receptors. Quantitation, specificity, and biological relevance , 1981, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[15]  B. Coupar,et al.  Recovery of immunodeficient mice from a vaccinia virus/IL-2 recombinant infection , 1987, Nature.

[16]  T. Honjo,et al.  Molecular basis for two different affinity states of the interleukin 2 receptor: affinity conversion model. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  S. Clark,et al.  B-cell-stimulatory factor 2 (beta 2 interferon) functions as a second signal for interleukin 2 production by mature murine T cells. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  T. Honjo,et al.  Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human interleukin-2 receptor , 1984, Nature.

[19]  D. Stiller,et al.  Fluorochrome Stains for Histological Diagnosis of Visceral Mycoses , 1965, Nature.

[20]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  Lymphocyte activating factor promotes T-cell growth factor production by cloned marine lymphoma cells , 1980, Nature.

[21]  J. Watson,et al.  Biochemical and biological characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. I. Purification of a class of murine lymphokines , 1979, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[22]  D. Cantrell,et al.  Interleukin 2 regulates its own receptors. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  W. Bishai,et al.  Diphtheria toxin receptor binding domain substitution with interleukin-2: genetic construction and properties of a diphtheria toxin-related interleukin-2 fusion protein. , 1987, Protein engineering.

[24]  C. March,et al.  Cloning, sequence and expression of human interleukin-2 receptor , 1984, Nature.

[25]  E. Podack,et al.  Cytolytic T cell granules. Isolation, structural, biochemical, and functional characterization , 1984, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[26]  A. Coutinho,et al.  Two distinct factors are required for induction of T-cell growth , 1980, Nature.

[27]  L. Lowenstein,et al.  A Factor stimulating DNA Synthesis derived from the Medium of Leucocyte Cultures , 1965, Nature.

[28]  T. Taniguchi,et al.  Structure of the human interleukin 2 gene. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  Heterogeneity of human T-cell growth factor(s) due to variable glycosylation. , 1981, Molecular immunology.

[30]  W. Leonard,et al.  Stable expression of cDNA encoding the human interleukin 2 receptor in eukaryotic cells , 1985, Journal of Experimental Medicine.

[31]  W. Paul,et al.  Both interleukin 2 and a second T cell-derived factor in EL-4 supernatant have activity as differentiation factors in IgM synthesis , 1984, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[32]  W. Greene,et al.  Interleukin 2 binding molecule distinct from the Tac protein: analysis of its role in formation of high-affinity receptors. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  B. Cullen,et al.  Novel interleukin-2 receptor subunit detected by cross-linking under high-affinity conditions. , 1986, Science.

[34]  P. Marrack,et al.  The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells. I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody , 1983, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[35]  T. Strom,et al.  Anti-interleukin 2 receptor antibody suppresses murine diabetic insulitis and lupus nephritis. , 1988, Journal of immunology.

[36]  A. Chang,et al.  Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  T‐CELL GROWTH FACTOR‐MEDIATED T‐CELL PROLIFERATION * , 1979, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[38]  K. Smith.  The interleukin 2 receptor. , 1988, Advances in immunology.

[39]  T. Taniguchi,et al.  Reconstitution of functional receptor for human interleukin-2 in mouse cells , 1985, Nature.

[40]  G. Crabtree,et al.  Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of T cell growth factor production. I. The effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. , 1979, Journal of immunology.

[41]  K. Smith,et al.  Interleukin-2 induction of T-cell G1 progression and c-myb expression. , 1986, Science.

[42]  S. Gillis,et al.  In vitro generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Secondary allogeneic mixed tumor lymphocyte culture of normal murine spleen cells , 1977, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[43]  G. Crabtree,et al.  T-cell growth factor: complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the gene in normal and malignant cells. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Triggering of the T3-Ti antigen-receptor complex results in clonal T-cell proliferation through an interleukin 2-dependent autocrine pathway. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  M. Favata,et al.  Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human interleukin 2: strategy and tactics. , 1983, Journal of immunology.

[46]  W. Greene,et al.  Contrasting interleukin 2 binding properties of the alpha (p55) and beta (p70) protein subunits of the human high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor , 1987, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[47]  M. Groudine,et al.  Expression of the c-myb proto-oncogene during cellular proliferation , 1986, Nature.

[48]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Evidence for the T3-associated 90K heterodimer as the T-cell antigen receptor , 1983, Nature.

[49]  P. Nowell.  Phytohemagglutinin: an initiator of mitosis in cultures of normal human leukocytes. , 1960, Cancer research.

[50]  F. Bach,et al.  Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro: II. Soluble reconstituting factor permitting reponse of purified lymphocytes , 1970 .

[51]  W. Paul,et al.  Antigen-specific T cell clones restricted to unique F(1) major histocompatibility complex determinants. Inhibition of proliferation with a monoclonal anti-Ia antibody , 1981, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[52]  K. Smith,et al.  Monoclonal cytolytic T-cell lines , 1979, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[53]  T. Strom,et al.  Administration of an anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibody prolongs cardiac allograft survival in mice , 1985, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[54]  W. M. Linehan,et al.  A progress report on the treatment of 157 patients with advanced cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells and interleukin-2 or high-dose interleukin-2 alone. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  T. Waldmann,et al.  Interleukin 2 (IL-2) augments transcription of the IL-2 receptor gene. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  B. Cullen,et al.  A second human interleukin-2 binding protein that may be a component of high-affinity interleukin-2 receptors , 1987, Nature.

[57]  D. Mckay,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of interleukin-2. , 1987, Science.

[58]  G. Crabtree,et al.  Molecular cloning and expression of cDNAs for the human interleukin-2 receptor , 1984, Nature.

[59]  F E Cohen,et al.  Structure-activity studies of interleukin-2. , 1986, Science.

[60]  D. Cantrell,et al.  Transient expression of interleukin 2 receptors. Consequences for T cell growth , 1983, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[61]  Takashi Yokota,et al.  Structural analysis of the mouse chromosomal gene encoding interleukin 4 which expresses B cell, T cell and mast cell stimulating activities , 1987, Nucleic Acids Res..

[62]  R. Gallo,et al.  Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows. , 1976, Science.

[63]  M. Blackman,et al.  A model system for peptide hormone action in differentiation: Interleukin 2 induces a B lymphoma to transcribe the J chain gene , 1986, Cell.

[64]  M. Röllinghoff,et al.  Cyclosporin A mediates immunosuppression of primary cytotoxic T cell responses by impairing the release of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 , 1981, European journal of immunology.

[65]  E. Reinherz,et al.  Clonotypic structures involved in antigen-specific human T cell function. Relationship to the T3 molecular complex , 1983, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[66]  W. Greene,et al.  Internalization of interleukin 2 is mediated by the beta chain of the high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor , 1987, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[67]  T. Waldmann,et al.  Demonstration of a non-Tac peptide that binds interleukin 2: a potential participant in a multichain interleukin 2 receptor complex. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[68]  C. Blake,et al.  Do genes-in-pieces imply proteins-in-pieces? , 1978, Nature.

[69]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  The effect of T cell growth factor on the generation of cytolytic T cells. , 1978, Journal of immunology.

[70]  K. Smith,et al.  T cell growth without serum. , 1987, Journal of immunology.

[71]  K. Kato,et al.  Interleukin 2 high-affinity receptor expression requires two distinct binding proteins , 1987, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[72]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  The in vitro generation and sustained culture of nude mouse cytolytic T- lymphocytes , 1979, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[73]  K. Smith,et al.  Long-term culture of human antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell lines , 1978, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[74]  A. Fauci,et al.  Interleukin 2 receptors on human B cells. Implications for the role of interleukin 2 in human B cell function , 1985, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[75]  K. Smith,et al.  Regulation of T cell autocrine growth. T4+ cells become refractory to interleukin 2 , 1986, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[76]  J. Watson,et al.  Biochemical characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. II. Purification of a class of rat and human lymphokines. , 1980, Journal of immunology.

[77]  G. Crabtree,et al.  Glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of T cell growth factor production. II. The effect on the in vitro generation of cytolytic T cells. , 1979, Journal of immunology.

[78]  T. Waldmann,et al.  A monoclonal antibody (anti-Tac) reactive with activated and functionally mature human T cells. II. Expression of Tac antigen on activated cytotoxic killer T cells, suppressor cells, and on one of two types of helper T cells. , 1981, Journal of immunology.

[79]  I. Gery,et al.  POTENTIATION OF THE T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO MITOGENS , 1972, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[80]  G. Bonnard,et al.  Ligand-activated T cell growth factor-induced proliferation: absorption of T cell growth factor by activated T cells. , 1979, Journal of immunology.

[81]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  T cell growth factor: parameters of production and a quantitative microassay for activity. , 1978, Journal of immunology.

[82]  K. Kaffka,et al.  Structure-function analysis of human interleukin-2. Identification of amino acid residues required for biological activity. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[83]  W. Leonard,et al.  The IL-2 receptor beta chain (p70): role in mediating signals for LAK, NK, and proliferative activities. , 1987, Science.

[84]  W. Paul,et al.  Ig RNA expression in normal B cells stimulated with anti-IgM antibody and T cell-derived growth and differentiation factors , 1984, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[85]  W. Gilbert.  Why genes in pieces? , 1978, Nature.

[86]  S. Jonjić,et al.  Site-restricted persistent cytomegalovirus infection after selective long-term depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes , 1989, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[87]  M. Favata,et al.  The functional relationship of the interleukins , 1980, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[88]  T. Taniguchi,et al.  Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2 , 1983, Nature.

[89]  Kendall A. Smith,et al.  The interleukin 2 receptor. Functional consequences of its bimolecular structure , 1987, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[90]  B. Moss,et al.  Prevention of vaccinia virus infection in imiminodeficient mice by vector-directed IL-2 expression , 1987, Nature.