Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of municipal solid waste.

Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled, respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed. Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies.

[1]  W. Summerfield,et al.  Investigation of migration from paper and board into food-development of methods for rapid testing , 2001, Food additives and contaminants.

[2]  Konrad Grob,et al.  Determination of food contamination by mineral oil material from printed cardboard using on-line coupled LC-GC-FID , 1997 .

[3]  S. Parry,et al.  Migration of inorganic contaminants into dry food from packaging made from recycled paper and board , 2004, Food additives and contaminants.

[4]  Maurus Biedermann,et al.  Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials? Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks , 2010 .

[5]  D. Barceló,et al.  Determination of priority phenolic compounds in soil samples by various extraction methods followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry , 1998 .

[6]  Clemens Reimann,et al.  Statistical data analysis explained : applied environmental statics with R , 2008 .

[7]  Chunyang Liao,et al.  Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products: implications for human exposure. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  H. Wenzel,et al.  Paper waste - recycling, incineration or landfilling? A review of existing life cycle assessments. , 2007, Waste management.

[9]  Damià Barceló,et al.  Organic Compounds in Paper Mill Wastewaters , 2005 .

[10]  Mark H Hermanson,et al.  Polychlorinated biphenyls in tree bark near a former manufacturing plant in Anniston, Alabama. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[11]  T. H. Christensen,et al.  Chemical composition of material fractions in Danish household waste. , 2009, Waste management.

[12]  T F Astrup,et al.  Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper. , 2015, Waste management.

[13]  Ernst Worrell,et al.  Paper and biomass for energy?: The impact of paper recycling on energy and CO2 emissions , 2010 .

[14]  K. Grob,et al.  Saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons from paperboard food packaging: estimation of long-term migration from contents in the paperboard and data on boxes from the market , 2010, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[16]  H. Fromme.  Phthalates: Human Exposure , 2011 .

[17]  Vera Susanne Rotter,et al.  Material flow analysis of RDF-production processes. , 2004, Waste management.

[18]  A. Kočan,et al.  PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs and indicator PCBs in soil from five selected areas in Slovakia. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[19]  Thomas F. Astrup,et al.  Waste paper for recycling: Overview and identification of potentially critical substances. , 2015, Waste management.

[20]  Sandra Biedermann,et al.  Transfer of bisphenol A from thermal printer paper to the skin , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[21]  Hang-Sik Shin,et al.  Life Cycle Assessment of a Personal Computer and its Effective Recycling Rate (7 pp) , 2006 .

[22]  T. Salthammer,et al.  Beyond phthalates: gas phase concentrations and modeled gas/particle distribution of modern plasticizers. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[23]  Richard B. Gaines,et al.  Isomer-specific determination of 4-nonylphenols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[24]  M. Cote,et al.  Anthropogenic Carbon Stock Dynamics of Pulp and Paper Products in Germany , 2015 .

[25]  A. Irvine.  Review of the Industry Guideline for the Compliance of Paper & Board Materials and Articles for Food Contact , 2010 .

[26]  J. Muncke.  Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: Is packaging a relevant source? , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[27]  O. Hutzinger,et al.  Chemistry of PCB's , 1974 .

[28]  K. Akrida-Demertzi,et al.  A study on the migration of organic pollutants from recycled paperboard packaging materials to solid food matrices , 2007 .

[29]  U. Karlson,et al.  Test of Tree Core Sampling for Screening of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Norwegian Site , 2012, International journal of phytoremediation.

[30]  Charlotte Scheutz,et al.  Municipal solid waste composition: sampling methodology, statistical analyses, and case study evaluation. , 2015, Waste management.

[31]  E. Smolders,et al.  Uptake of Metals from Soil into Vegetables , 2011 .

[32]  M. Erickson,et al.  Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls , 2011, Environmental science and pollution research international.

[33]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls in paper and paper board using fused silica capillary gas chromatography , 1984, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[34]  Kim H. Esbensen,et al.  Representative Sampling for reliable data analysis: Theory Of Sampling , 2005 .

[35]  Lidija Barušić,et al.  A study on the food contact suitability of recycled paper and board , 2012 .

[36]  Chunyang Liao,et al.  High levels of bisphenol A in paper currencies from several countries, and implications for dermal exposure. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[37]  A M Vinggaard,et al.  Toxicity testing and chemical analyses of recycled fibre-based paper for food contact , 2002, Food additives and contaminants.

[38]  Irene Nehls,et al.  Analysis and migration of phthalates in infant food packed in recycled paperboard. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[39]  Daniel Hoornweg,et al.  What a waste? : a global review of solid waste management , 2012 .

[40]  R. Cela,et al.  Microwave assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of triclosan and two related chlorophenols in sludge and sediments. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[41]  M. F. Poças,et al.  Consumer exposure to phthalates from paper packaging: an integrated approach , 2010, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[42]  Maurus Biedermann,et al.  On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: migration from paperboard into dry foods: interpretation of chromatograms. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[43]  K. Grob,et al.  Migration kinetics of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled paperboard to dry food: monitoring of two real cases , 2013, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[44]  María Teresa Tena,et al.  Determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds in food-contact recycled-paper materials by focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. , 2012, Talanta.

[45]  Rubén Miranda Carreño,et al.  Analysis of the quality of the recovered paper from commingled collection systems , 2013 .

[46]  G. Finnveden,et al.  Recycling revisited - life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy use of waste management strategies , 2005 .

[47]  S. Rastogi,et al.  Polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metal levels in recycled paper for household use , 1988, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[48]  V. Pawlowsky-Glahn,et al.  Dealing with Zeros and Missing Values in Compositional Data Sets Using Nonparametric Imputation , 2003 .

[49]  Robert Kabacoff,et al.  R in Action: Data Analysis and Graphics with R , 2015 .

[50]  A. Rein,et al.  Phytoscreening and phytoextraction of heavy metals at Danish polluted sites using willow and poplar trees , 2013, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[51]  P. Albro,et al.  Comparison of the compositions of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016. , 1979, Journal of chromatography.

[52]  George M. Frame,et al.  Complete PCB congener distributions for 17 Aroclor mixtures determined by 3 HRGC systems optimized for comprehensive, quantitative, congener-specific analysis , 1996 .

[53]  Catarina Thormark,et al.  Conservation of energy and natural resources by recycling building waste , 2001 .

[54]  Flavourings,et al.  Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs , 2015 .

[55]  Aschberger Karin,et al.  European Union Risk Assessment Report - Environment Addendum of April 2008 - 4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL (BISPHENOL-A) - Part 1 Environment , 2010 .

[56]  Rubén Miranda Carreño,et al.  FACTORS INFLUENCING A HIGHER USE OF RECOVERED PAPER IN THE EUROPEAN PAPER INDUSTRY , 2010 .

[57]  Stefan Salhofer,et al.  Potentials for the prevention of municipal solid waste. , 2008, Waste management.

[58]  Dirk Vogel,et al.  Bisphenol A contamination of wastepaper, cellulose and recycled paper products , 2004 .

[59]  J. Pacyna,et al.  Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners--a mass balance approach 3. An update. , 2007, The Science of the total environment.